Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey
TL;DR: The survey aims at clarifying and uncovering the potential of fault diagnosis specifically for wireless sensor networks by providing the technique-based taxonomy.
Abstract: The sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks may be deployed in unattended and possibly hostile environments. The ill-disposed environment affects the monitoring infrastructure that includes the sensor nodes and the network. In addition, node failures and environmental hazards cause frequent topology changes, communication failures, and network partitioning. This in turn adds a new dimension to the fragility of the network topology. Such perturbations are far more common than those found in conventional wireless networks thus, demand efficient techniques for discovering disruptive behavior in such networks. Traditional fault diagnosis techniques devised for multiprocessor systems are not directly applicable to wireless sensor networks due to their specific requirements and limitations. This survey integrates research efforts that have been produced in fault diagnosis specifically for wireless sensor networks. The survey aims at clarifying and uncovering the potential of this technology by providing the technique-based taxonomy. The fault diagnosis techniques are classified based on the nature of the tests, correlation between sensor readings and characteristics of sensor nodes and the network.
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TL;DR: This article surveys various fault detection techniques and provides a new taxonomy to integrate new fault Detection techniques, and performs a qualitative comparison of the latest fault detection algorithms.
139 citations
Cites background from "Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor ..."
...Although existing classifications provide the basic architecture, they do not provide a further classification based on latest fault detection techniques in WSN. Mahapatro and Khilar (2013) also discuss various fault detection techniques in WSN but none of these surveys provide a quantitative analysis....
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...…existing classifications provide the basic architecture, they do not provide a further classification based on latest fault detection techniques in WSN. Mahapatro and Khilar (2013) also discuss various fault detection techniques in WSN but none of these surveys provide a quantitative analysis....
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...In a majority of cases, the faults are local to specific component of WSN. Faults are extremely local in the network and only affect a few components of the network (Kutten and Peleg, 1999)....
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...Mahapatro and Khilar (2013) also discuss various fault detection techniques in WSN but none of these surveys provide a quantitative analysis....
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...Kaur and Sharma (2010) propose an agreement based fault detection scheme to detect the failure of Cluster Heads in a clustered WSN....
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TL;DR: Simulation results successfully validate the effectiveness and applicability of the presented distributed fault detection scheme.
Abstract: In this paper, a distributed filtering scheme is presented to deal with the fault detection problem of nonlinear stochastic systems with wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The nonlinear stochastic systems, which are of discrete-time form, are represented by interval type-2 (IT2) Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy models. Each sensor of the WSN can receive measurements from itself and its neighboring sensors subject to a deterministic interconnection topology. Independent random variables obeying the Bernoulli distribution are formulated to characterize the randomly occurred packet losses between the WSN and the filter unit. To generate residual signals for evaluation functions of the fault detection mechanism, a novel type of IT2 T–S fuzzy distributed fault detection filter is proposed corresponding to each sensor node. Additionally, a fault reference model is adopted for improving the performance of the fault detection system. A new overall fault detection system is formulated in an IT2 T–S fuzzy model framework. Applying Lyapunov functional approach, we concentrate on the analysis of stability and performance of the resulting fault detection system. New techniques are utilized to handle the decoupling problem in design procedure. The desired parametric matrices of the fuzzy filters are designed subject to a developed criterion, which is a sufficient condition of the robust mean-square asymptotic stability for the overall fault detection system with a disturbance attenuation performance. Finally, a truck-trailer system with a four-node WSN is established for simulation validation. In simulations, the mincx function of the MatLab 2017a in Windows 10 OS is used to optimize the level of the disturbance attenuation performance, and to obtain the filter gains for the established system. By comparing the different time instants when the residual evaluation functions exceed their respective thresholds, simulation results successfully validate the effectiveness and applicability of the presented distributed fault detection scheme.
138 citations
TL;DR: This survey paper classifies fault diagnosis methods in recent five years into three categories based on decision centers and key attributes of employed algorithms: centralized approaches, distributed approaches, and hybrid approaches.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) often consist of hundreds of sensor nodes that may be deployed in relatively harsh and complex environments. In views of hardware cost, sensor nodes always adopt relatively cheap chips, which make these nodes become error-prone or faulty in the course of their operation. Natural factors and electromagnetic interference could also influence the performance of the WSNs. When sensor nodes become faulty, they may have died which means they cannot communicate with other members in the wireless network, they may be still alive but produce incorrect data, they may be unstable jumping between normal state and faulty state. To improve data quality, shorten response time, strengthen network security, and prolong network lifespan, many studies have focused on fault diagnosis. This survey paper classifies fault diagnosis methods in recent five years into three categories based on decision centers and key attributes of employed algorithms: centralized approaches, distributed approaches, and hybrid approaches. As all these studies have specific goals and limitations, this paper tries to compare them, lists their merits and limits, and propose potential research directions based on established methods and theories.
117 citations
TL;DR: A general machine-learning-based architecture for sensor validation built upon a series of neural-network estimators and a classifier is proposed, which aims at detecting anomalies in measurements from sensors, identifying the faulty ones and accommodating them with appropriate estimated data, thus paving the way to reliable digital twins.
Abstract: Sensor technologies empower Industry 4.0 by enabling integration of in-field and real-time raw data into digital twins. However, sensors might be unreliable due to inherent issues and/or environmental conditions. This article aims at detecting anomalies in measurements from sensors, identifying the faulty ones and accommodating them with appropriate estimated data, thus paving the way to reliable digital twins. More specifically, we propose a general machine-learning-based architecture for sensor validation built upon a series of neural-network estimators and a classifier. Estimators correspond to virtual sensors of all unreliable sensors (to reconstruct normal behaviour and replace the isolated faulty sensor within the system), whereas the classifier is used for detection and isolation tasks. A comprehensive statistical analysis on three different real-world data-sets is conducted and the performance of the proposed architecture validated under hard and soft synthetically-generated faults.
106 citations
Additional excerpts
...3029459 improper calibration and hardware failures [4]....
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TL;DR: A comprehensive review on the contemporary fault diagnosis techniques is provided and helps researchers and practitioners to understand the current state of the art development in this emerging field.
Abstract: If this is to be REF-eligible it needs a full text file attached, this cannot be final published pdf but could be version after review but before publisher formatting applied researcher confirmed item not refabable so happy to process without file 13/5/20
94 citations
References
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TL;DR: The concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics is described.
17,936 citations
"Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor ..." refers background in this paper
...• Military applications, in which wireless sensor networks can be an integral part of military command, control, communications, computing, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and targeting (C4ISRT) systems [18]....
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...can be deployed by dropping from a plane, throwing by a catapult, placing in a factory, and placing one by one either by a human or a robot [18]....
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...[18] have advocated that the destruction of some sensor nodes by hostile actions does not affect a military operation as much as it affects a traditional sensor network....
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...Exchange of messages is the only means of fault diagnosis, and the energy consumed by the network is proportional to the amount of traffic generated in diagnosing the network [18]....
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TL;DR: This survey presents a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of a survey on sensor networks, and gives an overview of several new applications and then reviews the literature on various aspects of WSNs.
5,626 citations
"Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor ..." refers background in this paper
...Deployment of sensors along the volcanic area can detect the development of earthquakes and eruptions [2]....
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...In applications like underwater WSNs, communications are established through transmission of acoustic waves [2]....
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TL;DR: The aim is to explicate a set of general concepts, of relevance across a wide range of situations and, therefore, helping communication and cooperation among a number of scientific and technical communities, including ones that are concentrating on particular types of system, of system failures, or of causes of systems failures.
Abstract: This paper gives the main definitions relating to dependability, a generic concept including a special case of such attributes as reliability, availability, safety, integrity, maintainability, etc. Security brings in concerns for confidentiality, in addition to availability and integrity. Basic definitions are given first. They are then commented upon, and supplemented by additional definitions, which address the threats to dependability and security (faults, errors, failures), their attributes, and the means for their achievement (fault prevention, fault tolerance, fault removal, fault forecasting). The aim is to explicate a set of general concepts, of relevance across a wide range of situations and, therefore, helping communication and cooperation among a number of scientific and technical communities, including ones that are concentrating on particular types of system, of system failures, or of causes of system failures.
4,695 citations
"Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor ..." refers background in this paper
...This is a natural fault [36] that are caused by natural phenomena without human participation....
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...malicious fault [36] that is introduced by a human with the malicious objective or a natural fault....
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the main definitions relating to dependability, a generic concept including a special case of such attributes as reliability, availability, safety, integrity, maintainability, etc.
Abstract: This paper gives the main definitions relating to dependability, a generic concept including a special case of such attributes as reliability, availability, safety, integrity, maintainability, etc. Security brings in concerns for confidentiality, in addition to availability and integrity. Basic definitions are given first. They are then commented upon, and supplemented by additional definitions, which address the threats to dependability and security (faults, errors, failures), their attributes, and the means for their achievement (fault prevention, fault tolerance, fault removal, fault forecasting). The aim is to explicate a set of general concepts, of relevance across a wide range of situations and, therefore, helping communication and cooperation among a number of scientific and technical communities, including ones that are concentrating on particular types of system, of system failures, or of causes of system failures.
4,335 citations
01 Aug 2000
TL;DR: Two techniques that improve throughput in an ad hoc network in the presence of nodes that agree to forward packets but fail to do so are described, using a watchdog that identifies misbehaving nodes and a pathrater that helps routing protocols avoid these nodes.
Abstract: This paper describes two techniques that improve throughput in an ad hoc network in the presence of nodes that agree to forward packets but fail to do so. To mitigate this problem, we propose categorizing nodes based upon their dynamically measured behavior. We use a watchdog that identifies misbehaving nodes and a pathrater that helps routing protocols avoid these nodes. Through simulation we evaluate watchdog and pathrater using packet throughput, percentage of overhead (routing) transmissions, and the accuracy of misbehaving node detection. When used together in a network with moderate mobility, the two techniques increase throughput by 17% in the presence of 40% misbehaving nodes, while increasing the percentage of overhead transmissions from the standard routing protocol's 9% to 17%. During extreme mobility, watchdog and pathrater can increase network throughput by 27%, while increasing the overhead transmissions from the standard routing protocol's 12% to 24%.
3,747 citations
"Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor ..." refers background in this paper
...[108] propose an intrusion detection system for wireless ad-hoc networks....
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