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Journal ArticleDOI

Fault location on a series-compensated three-terminal transmission line using deep neural networks

16 Aug 2018-Iet Science Measurement & Technology (The Institution of Engineering and Technology)-Vol. 12, Iss: 6, pp 746-754
TL;DR: DWT and DNN are utilised for fault location in a series-compensated three-terminal transmission line and the efficiency of algorithm is validated for symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults, and different values of fault resistance, inception angle, and location.
Abstract: In this study, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and deep neural network (DNN) are utilised for fault location in a series-compensated three-terminal transmission line. The series compensation causes challenges in fault location schemes of the three-terminal transmission lines. The presented fault location method has been extensively tested using the SIMULINK model of a three-terminal transmission line. Features extracted from synchronous measurements of fault currents at the three terminals using DWT are fed to the DNN. Faulted section determination and fault distance calculation are carried out using a single intelligent network simultaneously. Faulted section is determined with 100% accuracy, and the efficiency of algorithm is validated for symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults, and different values of fault resistance, inception angle, and location. The accuracy of the algorithm is acceptable for large fault resistances (above 100 Ω) and fault inception angles near zero. Total mean error for test data is 0.0458% which is much improved with respect to other similar works.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The importance of having a robust fault identification, classification and localization algorithm which would be successfully able to drive as well as actuate the digital relaying system is laid down.
Abstract: Transmission lines are one of the most widely distributed engineering systems meant for transmitting bulk amount of power from one corner of a country to the farthest most in the other directions. The expansion of the lines over different terrains and geographic locations makes these most vulnerable to different kinds of atmospheric calamities which more often develops faults in line. It is imperative to remove the faulty line at the earliest to restrict undue outflow of bulk power through the faulted point as well as restore system stability earliest to resume normal power flow operation. Here lays the importance of having a robust fault identification, classification and localization algorithm which would be successfully able to drive as well as actuate the digital relaying system. Researchers have worked out several methodologies in developing improved power system protection algorithms which would be able to serve to eliminate faults immediately on occurrence of the same. A brief yet exhaustive review has been presented in this article including the several methodologies adopted by numerous researchers for developing effective fault diagnosis schemes, mentioning about the highlights as well as the shortcoming of each of the methods. This compact and effective survey of literature works would help researchers to take up appropriate techniques for different purposes of transmission line fault analysis.

37 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2020-Energies
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art of the latest research and developments, including the challenges and issues in the field of AC MG protection are presented.
Abstract: The protection of AC microgrids (MGs) is an issue of paramount importance to ensure their reliable and safe operation. Designing reliable protection mechanism, however, is not a trivial task, as many practical issues need to be considered. The operation mode of MGs, which can be grid-connected or islanded, employed control strategy and practical limitations of the power electronic converters that are utilized to interface renewable energy sources and the grid, are some of the practical constraints that make fault detection, classification, and coordination in MGs different from legacy grid protection. This article aims to present the state-of-the-art of the latest research and developments, including the challenges and issues in the field of AC MG protection. A broad overview of the available fault detection, fault classification, and fault location techniques for AC MG protection and coordination are presented. Moreover, the available methods are classified, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.

37 citations


Cites methods from "Fault location on a series-compensa..."

  • ...[112] proposed a fault location method for a series-compensated three-terminal TL by using DNNs....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed algorithm provides an accurate, fast and robust tool for fault location in parallel-compensated three-terminal transmission lines, and has the advantage of not requiring pre-knowledge of line specifications, FACTS devices modelling and the uncertainty in compensator parameters.
Abstract: Parallel flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices affect the performance of protection relays and conventional phasor-based fault location schemes in transmission lines. This study focuses on both multi-terminal and parallel-compensated lines, not investigated simultaneously in previous works. An algorithm based on deep neural networks is proposed for fault location in a three-terminal transmission line with the presence of parallel FACTS device. The line model and fault occurrence are simulated in SIMULINK and features are extracted from voltages at the three terminals by wavelet transform. The generated features are used to train a deep neural network which determines faulted line section and fault distance simultaneously. The adopted intelligence-based approach has the advantage of not requiring pre-knowledge of line specifications, FACTS devices modelling and the uncertainty in compensator parameters. A large number of fault scenarios are investigated. The faulted section is recognised correctly in 100% of test cases. The algorithm performance is acceptable for both symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault types, small fault inception angles and high fault resistance. The accuracy of fault location is improved compared to previous schemes (total mean error of 0.0993%). The proposed algorithm provides an accurate, fast and robust tool for fault location in parallel-compensated three-terminal transmission lines.

29 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel integrated approach of protective relaying methodology has been adopted for detecting faults and its location estimation in long transmission line using positive sequence admittance and fault location algorithm, which proves the potentiality and robustness of this scheme.

21 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new algorithm for fault location in series capacitor compensated three-terminal transmission lines using the distributed line model is proposed, which works perfectly against the errors caused by measurements and parameters.

20 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Electromagnetic transients in arbitrary single- or multiphase networks are solved by a nodal admittance matrix method based on the method of characteristics for distributed parameters and the trapezoidal rule of integration for lumped parameters.
Abstract: Electromagnetic transients in arbitrary single- or multiphase networks are solved by a nodal admittance matrix method. The formulation is based on the method of characteristics for distributed parameters and the trapezoidal rule of integration for lumped parameters. Optimally ordered triangular factorization with sparsity techniques is used in the solution. Examples and programming details illustrate the practicality of the method.

1,578 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the use of wavelet transforms for analyzing power system fault transients in order to determine the fault location is described, which is related to the travel time of the signals which are already decomposed into their modal components.
Abstract: This paper describes the use of wavelet transforms for analyzing power system fault transients in order to determine the fault location. Traveling wave theory is utilized in capturing the travel time of the transients along the monitored lines between the fault point and the relay. Time resolution for the high frequency components of the fault transients, is provided by the wavelet transform. This information is related to the travel time of the signals which are already decomposed into their modal components. The aerial mode is used for all fault types, whereas the ground mode is used to resolve problems associated with certain special cases. The wavelet transform is found to be an excellent discriminant for identifying the traveling wave reflections from the fault, irrespective of the fault type and impedance. EMTP simulations are used to test and validate the proposed fault location approach for typical power system faults.

606 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a fault location algorithm for three terminal lines using wavelet transform of the fault initiated transients is described, which is extended to the case of three terminal configuration and a new single ended procedure is developed for teed circuits.
Abstract: This paper describes a fault location algorithm for three terminal lines using wavelet transform of the fault initiated transients. The results presented in are extended to the case of three terminal configuration and a new single ended procedure is developed for teed circuits. The algorithm gives accurate results for the case of three terminal lines including series compensated branch, mutual coupled line section and different values of fault resistances. The performance of the algorithm is tested on different scenarios by using ATP/EMTP program and MATLAB Wavelet Toolbox.

200 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theory of one-ended and two-ended impedance-based fault location algorithms are presented and what additional information can be gleaned from waveforms recorded by intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) during a fault is assessed.
Abstract: A number of impedance-based fault location algorithms have been developed for estimating the distance to faults in a transmission network. Each algorithm has specific input data requirements and makes certain assumptions that may or may not hold true in a particular fault location scenario. Without a detailed understanding of the principle of each fault-locating method, choosing the most suitable fault location algorithm can be a challenging task. This paper, therefore, presents the theory of one-ended (simple reactance, Takagi, modified Takagi, Eriksson, and Novosel et al. ) and two-ended (synchronized, unsynchronized, and current-only) impedance-based fault location algorithms and demonstrates their application in locating real-world faults. The theory details the formulation and input data requirement of each fault-locating algorithm and evaluates the sensitivity of each to the following error sources: 1) load; 2) remote infeed; 3) fault resistance; 4) mutual coupling; 5) inaccurate line impedances; 6) DC offset and CT saturation; 7) three-terminal lines; and 8) tapped radial lines. From the theoretical analysis and field data testing, the following criteria are recommended for choosing the most suitable fault-locating algorithm: 1) data availability and 2) fault location application scenario. Another objective of this paper is to assess what additional information can be gleaned from waveforms recorded by intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) during a fault. Actual fault event data captured in utility networks is exploited to gain valuable feedback about the transmission network upstream from the IED device, and estimate the value of fault resistance.

176 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new scheme to locate a fault on a multi-terminal transmission line is described, which can work for transposed as well as untransposed lines and is free of prefault conditions.
Abstract: This paper describes a new scheme to locate a fault on a multi-terminal transmission line. It describes a simple new algorithm to identify the faulted section first. Then, to exactly locate the fault on this section, a method is described that uses the synchronized voltage measurements at all terminals. The main advantage of this method is that the current-transformer errors in the current measurements can be avoided. Since these errors can be as high as 10%, the fault location is extremely accurate with this method. The scheme can work for transposed as well as untransposed lines and is free of prefault conditions. The paper, after describing the scheme, describes very promising results from an Electromagnetic Transients Program simulation of a multi-terminal transmission line.

155 citations