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Journal ArticleDOI

Fault Ride-Through of Large Wind Farms Using Series Dynamic Braking Resistors (March 2007)

30 Jul 2007-IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (Newcastle University)-Vol. 22, Iss: 3, pp 966-975
TL;DR: In this article, a series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) is proposed to dissipate active power and boost generator voltage, potentially displacing the need for pitch control and dynamic reactive power compensation.
Abstract: Fault ride-through (FRT) is required for large wind farms in most power systems. Fixed speed wind turbines (FSWTs) are a diminishing but significant sector in the fast-growing wind turbine (WT) market. State-of-art techniques applied to meet grid requirements for FSWT wind farms are blade pitching and dynamic reactive power compensation (RPC). Blade pitching is constrained by the onerous mechanical loads imposed on a wind turbine during rapid power restoration. Dynamic RPC is constrained by its high capital cost. These present technologies can therefore be limiting, especially when connecting to smaller power systems. A novel alternative technology is proposed that inserts series resistance into the generation circuit. The series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) dissipates active power and boosts generator voltage, potentially displacing the need for pitch control and dynamic RPC. This paper uses a representative wind farm model to study the beneficial effect of SDBR compared to dynamic RPC. This is achieved by quasi-steady-state characterization and transient FRT stability simulations. The analysis shows that SDBR can substantially improve the FRT performance of a FSWT wind farm. It also shows that a small resistance, inserted for less than one

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
18 May 2015
TL;DR: The most successful generator-converter configurations are addressed along with few promising topologies available in the literature from the market based survey, and the past, present and future trends in megawatt WECS are reviewed in terms of mechanical and electrical technologies, integration to power systems, and control theory.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive study on the state-of-the-art and emerging wind energy technologies from the electrical engineering perspective. In an attempt to decrease cost of energy, increase the wind energy conversion efficiency, reliability, power density, and comply with the stringent grid codes, the electric generators and power electronic converters have emerged in a rigorous manner. From the market based survey, the most successful generator-converter configurations are addressed along with few promising topologies available in the literature. The back-to-back connected converters, passive generator-side converters, converters for multiphase generators, and converters without intermediate dc-link are investigated for high-power wind energy conversion systems (WECS), and presented in low and medium voltage category. The onshore and offshore wind farm configurations are analyzed with respect to the series/parallel connection of wind turbine ac/dc output terminals, and high voltage ac/dc transmission. The fault-ride through compliance methods used in the induction and synchronous generator based WECS are also discussed. The past, present and future trends in megawatt WECS are reviewed in terms of mechanical and electrical technologies, integration to power systems, and control theory. The important survey results, and technical merits and demerits of various WECS electrical systems are summarized by tables. The list of current and future wind turbines are also provided along with technical details.

694 citations


Cites methods from "Fault Ride-Through of Large Wind Fa..."

  • ...is to use resistors in series with the three-phase stator and/ or rotor terminals to limit the fault current magnitude [242], [243]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a minimum threshold rotor-crowbar method is presented to improve fault response by reducing crowbar application periods to 11-16 ms, successfully diverting transient overcurrents, and restoring good power control within 45 ms of both fault initiation and clearance.
Abstract: Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) technology is the dominant technology in the growing global market for wind power generation, due to the combination of variable-speed operation and a cost-effective partially rated power converter. However, the DFIG is sensitive to dips in supply voltage and without specific protection to “ride-through” grid faults, a DFIG risks damage to its power converter due to overcurrent and/or overvoltage. Conventional converter protection via a sustained period of rotor-crowbar closed circuit leads to poor power output and sustained suppression of the stator voltages. A new minimum-threshold rotor-crowbar method is presented in this paper, improving fault response by reducing crowbar application periods to 11-16 ms, successfully diverting transient overcurrents, and restoring good power control within 45 ms of both fault initiation and clearance, thus enabling the DFIG to meet grid-code fault-ride-through requirements. The new method is experimentally verified and evaluated using a 7.5-kW test facility.

309 citations


Cites background from "Fault Ride-Through of Large Wind Fa..."

  • ...(including the isolation transformer), selected as a representative lumped connection impedance for a wind turbine in a large wind farm [24]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the application of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) connected to a wind-turbine-driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is investigated.
Abstract: The application of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) connected to a wind-turbine-driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is investigated. The setup allows the wind turbine system an uninterruptible fault ride-through of voltage dips. The DVR can compensate the faulty line voltage, while the DFIG wind turbine can continue its nominal operation as demanded in actual grid codes. Simulation results for a 2 MW wind turbine and measurement results on a 22 kW laboratory setup are presented, especially for asymmetrical grid faults. They show the effectiveness of the DVR in comparison to the low-voltage ride-through of the DFIG using a crowbar that does not allow continuous reactive power production.

308 citations


Cites methods from "Fault Ride-Through of Large Wind Fa..."

  • ...There are other proposed solutions using additional hardware for fault ride-through of a DFIG using additional hardware like a series dynamic resistance in the rotor in [10] or in the stator in [11] or using a series line side converter (LSC) topology as in [12]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive study on the latest grid code regulations enforced by transmission system operators on large wind power plants (WPPs) is presented, where the most common requirements included in the majority of international grid codes are compared; namely, low and high voltage ride-through capabilities, active and reactive power responses during and after faults, extended range of voltage frequency variations, active power (frequency) control facility, and reactive voltage regulation support.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive study on the latest grid code regulations enforced by transmission system operators on large wind power plants (WPPs). First, the most common requirements included in the majority of international grid codes are compared; namely, low and high voltage ride-through capabilities, active and reactive power responses during and after faults, extended range of voltage–frequency variations, active power (frequency) control facility, and reactive power (voltage) regulation support. The paper also presents a discussion on the global harmonization of international grid codes as well as future trends expected in the regulations. Finally, the evolution of different wind generator technologies to fulfill various grid code requirements is investigated. The presented study will assist system operators to establish their connection requirements for the first time or to compare their existing regulations with other operators. It also enables wind turbine manufacturers and wind farm developers to obtain a more precise understanding from the latest international requirements imposed on modern wind farms.

294 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the role of wind turbines in a system's primary frequency control is discussed, and wind turbine control methods that enable frequency support and control are presented, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.

289 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 2002

983 citations

01 Jan 2006

419 citations

01 Dec 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey on generator concepts and power electronic concepts for wind turbines aimed as a tool for decision-makers and development people with respect to wind turbine manufactures, utilities, and independent system operators as well as manufactures of generators and power electronics.
Abstract: This report presents a survey on generator concepts and power electronic concepts for wind turbines. The report is aimed as a tool for decision-makers and development people with respect to wind turbine manufactures, utilities, and independent system operators as well as manufactures of generators and power electronics. The survey is focused on the electric development of wind turbines and it yields an overview on: State of the art on generators and power electronics; future concepts and technologies within generators and power electronics; market needs in the shape of requirements to the grid connection, and; consistent system solutions, plus an evaluation of these seen in the prospect of market needs. This survey on of generator and power electronic concepts was carried out in co-operation between Aalborg University and Risoe National Laboratory in the scope of the research programme Electric Design and Control. (au)

371 citations


"Fault Ride-Through of Large Wind Fa..." refers background in this paper

  • ...For the purpose of considering FRT response, it is convenient to categorize commercial wind turbines in four main types [7], [8]: A) fixed-speed wind turbines (FSWTs) with fixed pitch; B) FSWTs with variable pitch (active stall); C) variable-speed wind turbines (VSWTs) with doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs); D) VSWTs with fully-rated converters....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Istvan Erlich, U. Bachmann1
12 Jun 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss issues of German grid codes relating to wind turbines and discuss the main requirements concern the fault ride-through capability of wind turbines, which is the main requirement of the grid codes.
Abstract: This paper discusses issues of German grid codes relating to wind turbines. With the high utilization of wind power a simultaneous loss of several thousand MW wind generation became a realistic scenario in the German power system. Therefore, the main requirements concern the fault ride through capability of wind turbines. Accordingly, disconnection of wind turbines and wind farms above 15 % nominal voltage at the grid connection nodes is not allowed. Besides, following network faults wind turbines have to supply a definite reactive current depending on the instantaneous voltage. Furthermore, they must return quickly to normal operation. The frequency range wind turbines have to tolerate is about 47.5-51.5 Hz. According to the wishes of German transmission grid operators, large wind farms have to be treated in the future like conventional power plants.

247 citations


"Fault Ride-Through of Large Wind Fa..." refers background in this paper

  • ...members therefore have less onerous power restoration requirements [5], [6]....

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Book ChapterDOI
28 Oct 2005

75 citations