scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

Fault-tolerant drive-by-wire systems

07 Nov 2002-IEEE Control Systems Magazine (IEEE)-Vol. 22, Iss: 5, pp 64-81
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of electronic driver assisting systems such as ABS, traction control, electronic stability control, and brake assistant is presented, along with fault-detection methods for use in low-cost components.
Abstract: The article begins with a review of electronic driver assisting systems such as ABS, traction control, electronic stability control, and brake assistant. We then review drive-by-wire systems with and without mechanical backup. Drive-by-wire systems consist of an operating unit with an electrical output, haptic feedback to the driver, bus systems, microcomputers, power electronics, and electrical actuators. For their design safety, integrity methods such as reliability, fault tree and hazard analysis, and risk classification are required. Different fault-tolerance principles with various forms of redundancy are considered, resulting in fail-operational, fail-silent, and fail-safe systems. Fault-detection methods are discussed for use in low-cost components, followed by a review of principles for fault-tolerant design of sensors, actuators, and communication. We evaluate these methods and principles and show how they can be applied to low-cost automotive components and drive-by-wire systems. A brake-by-wire system with electronic pedal and electric brakes is then considered in more detail, showing the design of the components and the overall architecture. Finally, we present conclusions and an outlook for further development of drive-by-wire systems.
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A bibliographical review on reconfigurable fault-tolerant control systems (FTCS) is presented, with emphasis on the reconfiguring/restructurable controller design techniques.

2,455 citations


Cites background or methods from "Fault-tolerant drive-by-wire system..."

  • ...Isermann, R., & Raab, U. (1993)....

    [...]

  • ...…FTCS design is becoming an important feature to be considered in commercial product development and system design such as drive-by-wire automobiles (Isermann et al., 2002), manufacturing (Mehrabi et al., 2002) and other industrial systems (Antaki, Paden, Piovoso, & Banda, 2002; Goodall & Kortum,…...

    [...]

  • ...…2001; Ahl- strom & Torin, 2002; Campelo, Yuste, Gil, & Serrano, 2001); advances in intelligent sensors and actuators (Clarke, 2000; Isermann & Raab, 1993; Isermann et al., 2002; Tombs, 2002; Tortora, 2002); advances in microelectronics/mechatronics (Isermann, 1996; Isermann, 2000; Kortüm,…...

    [...]

  • ...…since the 1990s (Blanke, Izadi-Zamanabadi, Bogh, & Lunau, 1997; Blanke, Frei, Kraus, Patton, & Staroswiecki, 2000; Blanke, Staroswiecki, & Wu, 2001; Isermann et al., 2002; Jiang, 2005; Patton, 1993, 1997b; Polycarpou & Vemuri, 1998; Rauch, 1994, 1995; Staroswiecki & Gehin, 2001; Steinberg, 2005;…...

    [...]

  • ...New application examples can also be found in (Blanke et al., 2003, 2006; Chiang et al., 2001; Isermann, 2001; Isermann et al., 2002; Simani et al., 2003; Venkatasubramanian, Rengaswamy, Yin, et al., 2003; Venkatasubramanian, Rengas- wamy, & Kavuri, 2003; Venkatasubramanian, Rengaswamy, Kavuri, et…...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of the various model-based FDIR methods developed in the last decade is presented, and various techniques of implementing reconfigurable control strategy in response to faults are discussed.
Abstract: Fault detection, isolation, and reconfiguration (FDIR) is an important and challenging problem in many engineering applications and continues to be an active area of research in the control community. This paper presents a survey of the various model-based FDIR methods developed in the last decade. In the paper, the FDIR problem is divided into the fault detection and isolation (FDI) step, and the controller reconfiguration step. For FDI, we discuss various model-based techniques to generate residuals that are robust to noise, unknown disturbance, and model uncertainties, as well as various statistical techniques of testing the residuals for abrupt changes (or faults). We then discuss various techniques of implementing reconfigurable control strategy in response to faults.

1,217 citations


Cites background from "Fault-tolerant drive-by-wire system..."

  • ...F AULT detection, isolation, and reconfiguration (FDIR) is an important and challenging problem in many disciplines such as chemical engineering [1]–[4], nuclear engineering [5], [6], aerospace engineering [7], [8], and automotive systems [9]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A unified methodology for detecting, isolating and accommodating faults in a class of nonlinear dynamic systems is presented and it is shown that the system signals remain bounded and the output tracking error converges to a neighborhood of zero.
Abstract: This paper presents a unified methodology for detecting, isolating and accommodating faults in a class of nonlinear dynamic systems. A fault diagnosis component is used for fault detection and isolation. On the basis of the fault information obtained by the fault-diagnosis procedure, a fault-tolerant control component is designed to compensate for the effects of faults. In the presence of a fault, a nominal controller guarantees the boundedness of all the system signals until the fault is detected. Then the controller is reconfigured after fault detection and also after fault isolation, to improve the control performance by using the fault information generated by the diagnosis module. Under certain assumptions, the stability of the closed-loop system is rigorously investigated. It is shown that the system signals remain bounded and the output tracking error converges to a neighborhood of zero.

505 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel failure-detection technique and its analog circuit for insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), under open- and short-circuit failures, are proposed and it is validated, achieving replacement of the damaged element in the most suitable time.
Abstract: In this paper, a novel failure-detection technique and its analog circuit for insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), under open- and short-circuit failures, are proposed. This technique is applied to a three-phase induction-motor (IM) drive system. The detection technique is adapted to detect failures of short-circuit and open-circuit in the IGBT, which is based on gate-signal monitoring. The most important issue of this technique is the reduction of time for fault detection. This is very important in a failure-tolerant IM drive based on the material-redundancy approach or protection systems since the detection must be done before the device is damaged, in approximately less than 10 μs. The experimental test and simulations are presented in order to validate the proposed fault-detection technique, and it is validated, achieving replacement of the damaged element in the most suitable time.

228 citations


Cites background from "Fault-tolerant drive-by-wire system..."

  • ...In the literature, two material-redundancy types in the digitalsystem area have been published [30] and retaken in the controlsystem area [31]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Simulations using a high-fidelity, CarSim, full-vehicle model show the effectiveness of the proposed in-wheel motor/motor driver fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control approach.
Abstract: This paper presents a fault-tolerant control approach for four-wheel independently driven (4WID) electric vehicles. An adaptive control-based passive fault-tolerant controller is designed to ensure vehicle system stability and to track the desired vehicle motion when an in-wheel motor/motor driver fault happens. Due to the system actuation redundancy, it is challenging to isolate the faulty wheel and to accurately estimate the control gain of the faulty in-wheel motor/motor driver for 4WID electric vehicles. An active fault diagnosis (FD) approach is thus proposed to explicitly isolate and evaluate the fault. Based on the estimated control gain of the faulty wheel, the control efforts of all the wheels are redistributed to relieve the torque demand on the faulty wheel. Simulations using a high-fidelity CarSim full-vehicle model show the effectiveness of the proposed in-wheel motor/motor driver active fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control approaches in various driving scenarios.

206 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Ron J. Patton1
TL;DR: The state of the art is outlined in a field which remains largely a theoretical topic with most application studies based upon aerospace systems and a basic literature review covering most areas of fault-tolerant control is provided.

562 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI

353 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fault-tolerant control is used in systems that need to be able to detect faults and prevent simple faults related to control loops from developing into production stoppages or failures at a plant level as discussed by the authors.

299 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a self-validating sensor model is proposed which performs self-diagnostics and generates a variety of data types, including the on-line uncertainty of each measurement.

208 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two specific approaches are presented for autonomous control reconfiguration, particularly as it relates to fault accommodation and learning systems, to illustrate the types of difficulties encountered and to serve as a focus.
Abstract: This article looks at autonomous control reconfiguration, particularly as it relates to fault accommodation and learning systems. To illustrate the types of difficulties encountered and to serve as a focus, two specific approaches are presented. The first approach uses multiple models to represent uncertain system characteristics. The example application is interceptor terminal guidance with unknown target maneuvers. The second approach uses a single model with adaptive techniques for updating uncertain system characteristics.

175 citations