Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.

doi:10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2004.06.025

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Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.

Journal Article•DOI•

Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.

Nathan S. Mosier¹, Charles E. Wyman², Bruce E. Dale³, Richard T. Elander⁴, Y. Y. Lee⁵, Mark T. Holtzapple⁶, Michael R. Ladisch¹ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (6)

Purdue University¹, Dartmouth College², Michigan State University³, National Renewable Energy Laboratory⁴, Auburn University⁵, Texas A&M University⁶

01 Apr 2005-Bioresource Technology (Elsevier)-Vol. 96, Iss: 6, pp 673-686

TL;DR: This paper reviews process parameters and their fundamental modes of action for promising pretreatment methods and concludes that pretreatment processing conditions must be tailored to the specific chemical and structural composition of the various, and variable, sources of lignocellulosic biomass.

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About: This article is published in Bioresource Technology.The article was published on 2005-04-01. It has received 6110 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Lignocellulosic biomass & Biomass.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering.

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George W. Huber¹, Sara Iborra¹, Avelino Corma¹•Institutions (1)

Spanish National Research Council¹

27 Jun 2006-Chemical Reviews

TL;DR: Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056 4.1.

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Abstract: 1.0. Introduction 4044 2.0. Biomass Chemistry and Growth Rates 4047 2.1. Lignocellulose and Starch-Based Plants 4047 2.2. Triglyceride-Producing Plants 4049 2.3. Algae 4050 2.4. Terpenes and Rubber-Producing Plants 4052 3.0. Biomass Gasification 4052 3.1. Gasification Chemistry 4052 3.2. Gasification Reactors 4054 3.3. Supercritical Gasification 4054 3.4. Solar Gasification 4055 3.5. Gas Conditioning 4055 4.0. Syn-Gas Utilization 4056 4.1. Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056

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7,067 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials

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Arthur J. Ragauskas, Charlotte K. Williams, Brian H. Davison, George J. P. Britovsek, John Cairney, Charles A. Eckert, William J. Frederick, Jason P. Hallett, David J. Leak, Charles L. Liotta, Jonathan R. Mielenz, Richard J. Murphy, Richard H. Templer, Timothy J. Tschaplinski - Show less +10 more

27 Jan 2006-Science

TL;DR: The integration of agroenergy crops and biorefinery manufacturing technologies offers the potential for the development of sustainable biopower and biomaterials that will lead to a new manufacturing paradigm.

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Abstract: Biomass represents an abundant carbon-neutral renewable resource for the production of bioenergy and biomaterials, and its enhanced use would address several societal needs. Advances in genetics, biotechnology, process chemistry, and engineering are leading to a new manufacturing concept for converting renewable biomass to valuable fuels and products, generally referred to as the biorefinery. The integration of agroenergy crops and biorefinery manufacturing technologies offers the potential for the development of sustainable biopower and biomaterials that will lead to a new manufacturing paradigm.

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5,344 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Pretreatments to enhance the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass

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A.T.W.M. Hendriks¹, Grietje Zeeman¹•Institutions (1)

Wageningen University and Research Centre¹

01 Jan 2009-Bioresource Technology

TL;DR: Steam pretreatment, lime pret treatment, liquid hot water pretreatments and ammonia based Pretreatments are concluded to be pretreatment with high potentials, providing an improved accessibility of the cellulose for hydrolytic enzymes.

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3,618 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review

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Pablo Alvira¹, Elia Tomás-Pejó¹, Mercedes Ballesteros¹, M.J. Negro¹•Institutions (1)

Complutense University of Madrid¹

01 Jul 2010-Bioresource Technology

TL;DR: This paper reviews the most interesting technologies for ethanol production from lignocellulose and it points out several key properties that should be targeted for low-cost and advanced pretreatment processes.

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3,580 citations

Cites background from "Features of promising technologies ..."

...Hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and nitric acid have also been tested (Mosier et al., 2005a)....
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...The increasing problem of the CO2 emissions besides some energy security concerns has strengthened the interest in alternative, nonpetroleum-based sources of energy....
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...Lime also removes acetyl groups from hemicellulose reducing steric hindrance of enzymes and enhancing cellulose digestibility (Mosier et al., 2005b)....
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...Pretreatment with lime has lower cost and less safety requirements compared to NaOH or KOH pretreatments and can be easily recovered from hydrolysate by reaction with CO2 (Mosier et al., 2005b)....
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...Acid based pretreatment processes have been shown to be effective on a wide range of lignocellulose substrate, but are relatively expensive (Mosier et al., 2005b)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Methods for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Efficient Hydrolysis and Biofuel Production

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Parveen Kumar¹, Diane M. Barrett¹, Michael J. Delwiche¹, Pieter Stroeve¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Davis¹

20 Mar 2009-Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

TL;DR: A review of various pretreatment process methods and the recent literature that has been developed can be found in this paper, where the goal of pretreatment is to make the cellulose accessible to hydrolysis for conversion to fuels.

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Abstract: Biofuels produced from various lignocellulosic materials, such as wood, agricultural, or forest residues, have the potential to be a valuable substitute for, or complement to, gasoline. Many physicochemical structural and compositional factors hinder the hydrolysis of cellulose present in biomass to sugars and other organic compounds that can later be converted to fuels. The goal of pretreatment is to make the cellulose accessible to hydrolysis for conversion to fuels. Various pretreatment techniques change the physical and chemical structure of the lignocellulosic biomass and improve hydrolysis rates. During the past few years a large number of pretreatment methods have been developed, including alkali treatment, ammonia explosion, and others. Many methods have been shown to result in high sugar yields, above 90% of the theoretical yield for lignocellulosic biomasses such as woods, grasses, corn, and so on. In this review, we discuss the various pretreatment process methods and the recent literature that...

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3,450 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth

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Nicholas C. Carpita¹, David M. Gibeaut¹•Institutions (1)

Purdue University¹

01 Jan 1993-Plant Journal

TL;DR: This review integrates information on the chemical structure of individual polymers with data obtained from new techniques used to probe the arrangement of the polymers within the walls of individual cells consistent with the physical properties of the wall and its components.

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Abstract: Advances in determination of polymer structure and in preservation of structure for electron microscopy provide the best view to date of how polysaccharides and structural proteins are organized into plant cell walls. The walls that form and partition dividing cells are modified chemically and structurally from the walls expanding to provide a cell with its functional form. In grasses, the chemical structure of the wall differs from that of all other flowering plant species that have been examined. Nevertheless, both types of wall must conform to the same physical laws. Cell expansion occurs via strictly regulated reorientation of each of the wall's components that first permits the wall to stretch in specific directions and then lock into final shape. This review integrates information on the chemical structure of individual polymers with data obtained from new techniques used to probe the arrangement of the polymers within the walls of individual cells. We provide structural models of two distinct types of walls in flowering plants consistent with the physical properties of the wall and its components.

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3,417 citations

"Features of promising technologies ..." refers background in this paper

...Glucose, galactose, and mannose, six carbon sugars (hexoses), are readily fermented to ethanol by many naturally occurring organisms, but the pentoses xylose and arabinose (containing only five carbon atoms) are fermented to ethanol by few native strains, and usually at relatively low yields....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. II: inhibitors and mechanisms of inhibition.

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Eva Palmqvist¹, Bärbel Hahn-Hägerdal¹•Institutions (1)

Lund University¹

01 Aug 2000-Bioresource Technology

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the generation of inhibitors during degradation of lignocellulosic materials, and the effect of these on fermentation yield and productivity, and their interaction effects are reviewed.

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2,373 citations

"Features of promising technologies ..." refers background in this paper

...…results must be balanced against their impact on the cost of the downstream processing steps and the trade-off between operating costs, capital costs, and biomass costs (Lynd et al., 1996; Wyman, 1995b, 1996, 1999; Delgenes et al., 1996; Palmqvist and Hahn-Hagerdal, 2000; Ladisch et al., 1983)....
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...These aldehydes, principally furfural from pentoses and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural from hexose, are inhibitory to microbial fermentation (Palmqvist and Hahn-Hagerdal, 2000)....
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...Pretreatment results must be balanced against their impact on the cost of the downstream processing steps and the trade-off between operating costs, capital costs, and biomass costs (Lynd et al., 1996; Wyman, 1995b, 1996, 1999; Delgenes et al., 1996; Palmqvist and Hahn-Hagerdal, 2000; Ladisch et al., 1983)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Fundamental factors affecting biomass enzymatic reactivity.

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Vincent S. Chang¹, Mark T. Holtzapple¹•Institutions (1)

Texas A&M University¹

01 Jan 2000-Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology

TL;DR: An empirical model was identified that describes the roles of lignin content, acetyl contents, and crystallinity indices in enzymatic hydrolysis and the digestibility of several lime-treated biomass samples agreed with the empirical model.

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Abstract: Poplar wood was treated with peracetic acid, KOH, and ball milling to produce 147 model lignocelluloses with a broad spectrum of lignin contents, acetyl contents, and crystallinity indices (CrIs), respectively. An empirical model was identified that describes the roles of these three properties in enzymatic hydrolysis. Lignin content and CrI have the greatest impact on biomass digestibility, whereas acetyl content has a minor impact. The digestibility of several lime-treated biomass samples agreed with the empirical model. Lime treatment removes all acetyl groups and a moderate amount of lignin and increases CrI slightly; lignin removal is the dominant benefit from lime treatment.

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1,259 citations

"Features of promising technologies ..." refers background in this paper

...The addition of air/oxygen to the reaction mixture greatly improves the delignification of the biomass, especially highly lignified materials such as poplar (Chang and Holtzapple, 2000)....
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...In addition, alkali pretreatments remove acetyl and the various uronic acid substitutions on hemicellulose that lower the accessibility of the enzyme to the hemicellulose and cellulose surface (Chang and Holtzapple, 2000)....
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...…area, protection of cellulose by lignin, the heterogeneous character of biomass particles, and cellulose sheathing by hemicellulose all contribute to the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass to hydrolysis (Rydholm, 1965; Wenzel, 1970; Hsu et al., 1980; Hsu, 1996; Chang and Holtzapple, 2000)....
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...In addition, alkali pretreatments remove acetyl and the various uronic acid substitutions on hemicellulose that lower the accessibility of the enzyme to the hemicellulose and cellulose surface (Chang and Holtzapple, 2000)....
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...The crystallinity of cellulose, accessible surface area, protection of cellulose by lignin, the heterogeneous character of biomass particles, and cellulose sheathing by hemicellulose all contribute to the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass to hydrolysis (Rydholm, 1965; Wenzel, 1970; Hsu et al., 1980; Hsu, 1996; Chang and Holtzapple, 2000)....
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Report•DOI•

Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Corn Stover

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Andy Aden, Mark Ruth, Kelly N. Ibsen, J. Jechura, K. Neeves, John Sheehan, B. Wallace, L. Montague, A. Slayton, J. Lukas - Show less +6 more

01 Jun 2002

TL;DR: In this paper, an update of NREL's ongoing process design and economic analyses of processes related to developing ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks is presented, along with a cost basis for the process using a corn stover feedstock.

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Abstract: This report is an update of NREL's ongoing process design and economic analyses of processes related to developing ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks The US Department of Energy (DOE) is promoting the development of ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks as an alternative to conventional petroleum-based transportation fuels DOE funds both fundamental and applied research in this area and needs a method for predicting cost benefits of many research proposals To that end, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has modeled many potential process designs and estimated the economics of each process during the last 20 years This report is an update of the ongoing process design and economic analyses at NREL We envision updating this process design report at regular intervals; the purpose being to ensure that the process design incorporates all new data from NREL research, DOE funded research and other sources, and that the equipment costs are reasonable and consistent with good engineering practice for plants of this type For the non-research areas this means using equipment and process approaches as they are currently used in industrial applications For the last report, published in 1999, NREL performed a complete review and update of the process design and economic model formore » the biomass-to-ethanol process utilizing co-current dilute acid prehydrolysis with simultaneous saccharification (enzymatic) and co-fermentation The process design included the core technologies being researched by the DOE: prehydrolysis, simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation, and cellulase enzyme production In addition, all ancillary areas--feed handling, product recovery and purification, wastewater treatment (WWT), lignin combustor and boiler-turbogenerator, and utilities--were included NREL engaged Delta-T Corporation (Delta-T) to assist in the process design evaluation, the process equipment costing, and overall plant integration The process design and costing for the lignin combustor and boiler turbogenerator was reviewed by Reaction Engineering Inc (REI) and Merrick & Company reviewed the wastewater treatment Since then, NREL has engaged Harris Group (Harris) to perform vendor testing, process design, and costing of critical equipment identified during earlier work This included solid/liquid separation and pretreatment reactor design and costing Corn stover handling was also investigated to support DOE's decision to focus on corn stover as a feedstock for lignocellulosic ethanol Working with Harris, process design and costing for these areas were improved through vendor designs, costing, and vendor testing in some cases In addition to this work, enzyme costs were adjusted to reflect collaborative work between NREL and enzyme manufacturers (Genencor International and Novozymes Biotech) to provide a delivered enzyme for lignocellulosic feedstocks This report is the culmination of our work and represents an updated process design and cost basis for the process using a corn stover feedstock The process design and economic model are useful for predicting the cost benefits of proposed research Proposed research results can be translated into modifications of the process design, and the economic impact can be assessed This allows DOE, NREL, and other researchers to set priorities on future research with an understanding of potential reductions to the ethanol production cost To be economically viable, ethanol production costs must be below market values for ethanol DOE has chosen a target ethanol selling price of $107 per gallon as a goal for 2010 The conceptual design and costs presented here are based on a 2010 plant start-up date The key research targets required to achieve this design and the $107 value are discussed in the report« less

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1,219 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass.

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Lee R. Lynd¹, Janet H. Cushman², Roberta J. Nichols³, Charles E. Wyman•Institutions (3)

Dartmouth College¹, Oak Ridge National Laboratory², Ford Motor Company³

15 Mar 1991-Science

TL;DR: Ethanol produced from cellulosic biomass is examined as a large-scale transportation fuel and a cost-competitive process appears possible in a decade, with conversion economics the key obstacle to be overcome.

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Abstract: Ethanol produced from cellulosic biomass is examined as a large-scale transportation fuel. Desirable features include ethanol's fuel properties as well as benefits with respect to urban air quality, global climate change, balance of trade, and energy security. Energy balance, feedstock supply, and environmental impact considerations are not seen as significant barriers to the widespread use of fuel ethanol derived from cellulosic biomass. Conversion economics is the key obstacle to be overcome. In light of past progress and future prospects for research-driven improvements, a cost-competitive process appears possible in a decade.

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896 citations

Additional excerpts

...2 (Ladisch et al., 1983; Lynd et al., 1991; Holtzapple, 1993; Mosier et al., 1999)....
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...Ethanol is recovered from the fermentation broth by distillation or distillation combined with adsorption (Gulati et al., 1996; Ladisch and Dyck, 1979; Ladisch et al., 1984)....
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