Fermentative production of 2,3-butanediol: A review
TL;DR: The production of 2,3-butanediol by bacterial species continues to be of great interest because of its varied application as discussed by the authors, and two bacterial species, Bacillus polymyxa and Klebsiella pneumoniae have demonstrated potential for butanediol fermentation on a commercial scale.
About: This article is published in Bioresource Technology.The article was published on 1995-01-01. It has received 230 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Butanediol & Butanediol fermentation.
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01 May 2003
TL;DR: In this article, various pre-treatment options as well as enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars are reviewed and the barriers, progress, and prospects of developing an environmentally benign bioprocess for large-scale conversion of hemicellulose to fuel ethanol, xylitol, 2,3-butanediol, and other value added fermentation products are highlighted.
Abstract: Various agricultural residues, such as corn fiber, corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse, contain about 20–40% hemicellulose, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature. The conversion of hemicellulose to fuels and chemicals is problematic. In this paper, various pretreatment options as well as enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars is reviewed. Our research dealing with the pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of corn fiber and development of novel and improved enzymes such as endo-xylanase, β-xylosidase, and α-l-arabinofuranosidase for hemicellulose bioconversion is described. The barriers, progress, and prospects of developing an environmentally benign bioprocess for large-scale conversion of hemicellulose to fuel ethanol, xylitol, 2,3-butanediol, and other value-added fermentation products are highlighted.
1,651 citations
TL;DR: Various strategies for efficient and economical microbial 2,3-butanediol production, including strain improvement, substrate alternation, and process development, are reviewed and compared with regard to their pros and cons.
592 citations
Cites background from "Fermentative production of 2,3-buta..."
...Additionally, 2,3-BD has potential applications in the manufacture of printing inks, perfumes, fumigants, moistening and softening agents, explosives, plasticizers, foods, and pharmaceuticals (Garg and Jain, 1995; Syu, 2001)....
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...…such as solvent extraction (Eiteman and Gainer, 1989), recovery based on chemical conversion of 2,3-BD (Xiu and Zeng, 2008), salting out (Afschar et al., 1993), and countercurrent steam stripping (Garg and Jain, 1995), have also been investigated with some success, primarily on a laboratory scale....
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...In 1926, 2,3-BD accumulation in cultures of Paenibacillus polymyxa (formerly Bacillus polymyxa; reclassified by Ash et al., 1993) was initially observed (Garg and Jain, 1995)....
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...In early studies, many separation techniques such as distillation (Afschar et al., 1993), steam stripping (Garg and Jain, 1995), reverse osmosis (Xiu and Zeng, 2008), and pervaporation (Qureshi et al., 1994) were successfully established for the downstream processing of 2,3-BD fermentationwith some…...
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TL;DR: This review summarizes hitherto gained knowledge and experience in biotechnological production of 2,3-BD, sources of biomass used, employed microorganisms both wild type and genetically improved strains, as well as operating conditions applied.
534 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that separation technologies such as aqueous two-phase extraction with short chain alcohols, pervaporation, reverse osmosis, and in situ extractive or pervaporative fermentations deserve more attention in the future.
Abstract: 1,3-Propanediol and 2,3-butanediol are two promising chemicals which have a wide range of applications and can be biologically produced. The separation of these diols from fermentation broth makes more than 50% of the total costs in their microbial production. This review summarizes the present state of methods studied for the recovery and purification of biologically produced diols, with particular emphasis on 1,3-propoanediol. Previous studies on the separation of 1,3-propanediol primarily include evaporation, distillation, membrane filtration, pervaporation, ion exchange chromatography, liquid-liquid extraction, and reactive extraction. Main methods for the recovery of 2,3-butanediol include steam stripping, pervaporation, and solvent extraction. No single method has proved to be simple and efficient, and improvements are especially needed with regard to yield, purity, and energy consumption. Perspectives for an improved downstream processing of biologically produced diols, especially 1,3-propanediol are discussed based on our own experience and recent work. It is argued that separation technologies such as aqueous two-phase extraction with short chain alcohols, pervaporation, reverse osmosis, and in situ extractive or pervaporative fermentations deserve more attention in the future.
358 citations
Cites background from "Fermentative production of 2,3-buta..."
...It can also be easily dehydrogenated into acetoin and diacetyl which are flavoring agents used in dairy products, margarines, and cosmetics (Garg and Jain 1995)....
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...The biological production of 2,3-BD has been reviewed by Garg and Jain (1995) and Syu (2001), including recovery of 2,3-BD. Compared with the recovery and purification of 1,3-PD, few reports about separation of 2,3-BD have been published in the last decade....
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TL;DR: This is the first integrated review on acetoin metabolism in bacteria, especially with regard to catabolic aspects, and the relationship between the two conflicting acetoin cleavage pathways is discussed.
Abstract: Acetoin is an important physiological metabolite excreted by many microorganisms. The excretion of acetoin, which can be diagnosed by the Voges Proskauer test and serves as a microbial classification marker, has its vital physiological meanings to these microbes mainly including avoiding acification, participating in the regulation of NAD/NADH ratio, and storaging carbon. The well-known anabolism of acetoin involves α-acetolactat synthase and α-acetolactate decarboxylase; yet its catabolism still contains some differing views, although much attention has been focused on it and great advances have been achieved. Current findings in catabolite control protein A (CcpA) mediated carbon catabolite repression may provide a fuller understanding of the control mechanism in bacteria. In this review, we first examine the acetoin synthesis pathways and its physiological meanings and relevancies; then we discuss the relationship between the two conflicting acetoin cleavage pathways, the enzymes of the acetoin dehydro...
327 citations
Cites background from "Fermentative production of 2,3-buta..."
...Two BD reviews (Garg and Jain 1995; Syu 2001) concentrated mainly on strains, substrates, nutritional factors, operation conditions (including temperature, pH, aeration, and inoculum), operation modes and bioreactors, and product recovery....
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...The utilization of C4 compounds, and the importance of such metabolism, have been addressed in detail (Hugenholtz 1993; Garg and Jain 1995; Syu 2001; Xiao et al. 2007)....
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References
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TL;DR: The effects of pH, xylose concentration, and the oxygen transfer rate on the bioconversion of D‐xylose to 2,3‐butanediol are described.
Abstract: It is known that 2,3-butanediol is a potentially valuable chemical feedstock that can be produced from the sugars present in hemicellulose and celluose hydrolysates. Klebsiella oxytoca is able to ferment most pentoses, hexoses, and disaccharides. Butanediol appears to be a primary metabolite, excreted as a product of energy methabolism. The theoretical maximum yield of butanediol from monosaccharides is 0.50 g/g. This article describes the effects of pH, xylose concentration, and the oxygen transfer rate on the bioconversion of D-xylose to 2,3-butanediol. Product inhibition by butanediol is also examined. The most important variable affecting the kinetics of this system appears to be the oxygen transfer rate. A higher oxygen supply favors the formation of cell mass at the expense of butanediol. Decreasing the oxygen supply rate increases the butanediol yield, but decreases the overall conversion rate due to a lower cell concentration.
147 citations
TL;DR: Wheat straw and aspen wood chips were pretreated by steam explosion and the various fractions were assayed for the presence of materials which inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose component of the lignocellulosic substrates to glucose.
Abstract: Wheat straw and aspen wood chips were pretreated by steam explosion and the various fractions were assayed for the presence of materials which inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose component of the lignocellulosic substrates to glucose. The inhibitory material could be removed from all of the fractions by simple water extraction. The inhibitory substances were shown to primarily inhibit the B-glucosidase component of the cellulase complex of Trichoderma harzianum E58. The furan derivatives, furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural were not inhibitory at concentrations normally found in steam exploded lignocellulosic substrates.
105 citations
TL;DR: The bioconversion of sugars present in wood hemicellulose to 2,3-butanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae grown on high initial concentrations of sugars was investigated and the concentration of end products normally found at the termination of fermentation was shown to be noninhibitory to growth and substrate utilization.
Abstract: The bioconversion of sugars present in wood hemicellulose to 2,3-butanediol (hereafter referred to as butanediol) by Klebsiella pneumoniae grown on high initial concentrations (up to 10%) of sugars was investigated. Initial fermentation studies with a chemically defined medium suggested that sugar levels in excess of 2% could not be utlized even when a higher inoculum size (5 to 10%) was used. The addition of nutrient supplements, viz., yeast extract, urea, ammonium sulfate, and trace elements resulted in a 10 to 50% increase in butanediol yields, although sugar utilization remained incomplete. The concentration of end products normally found at the termination of fermentation was shown to be noninhibitory to growth and substrate utilization. Acetic acid was inhibitory at concentrations above 1%, although growth and butanediol yield were stimulated in cultures supplemented with lower levels of acetic acid. The efficient utilization of 4% substrate concentrations of d-glucose and d-xylose was achieved, resulting in butanediol yields of 19.6 and 22.0 g/liter, respectively.
97 citations
TL;DR: The bioconversion of sugars present in wood hemicellulose to 2,3-butanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae grown on high sugar concentrations was investigated and final butanediol values were higher for cultures grown on an initial sugar concentration of 150 g/liter, particularly when the inoculum was first acclimatized to high sugar levels.
Abstract: The bioconversion of sugars present in wood hemicellulose to 2,3-butanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae grown on high sugar concentrations was investigated When K pneumoniae was grown under finite air conditions in the presence of added acetic acid, 50 g of D-glucose and D-xylose per liter could be converted to 25 and 27 g of butanediol per liter, respectively The efficiency of bioconversion decreased with increasing sugar substrate concentrations (up to 200 g/liter) Butanediol production at low sugar substrate concentrations was less efficient when the organism was grown under aerobic conditions; however, final butanediol values were higher for cultures grown on an initial sugar concentration of 150 g/liter, particularly when the inoculum was first acclimatized to high sugar levels When a double fed-batch approach (daily additions of sugars together with yeast extract) was used under aerobic conditions, up to 88 and 113 g of combined butanediol and acetyl methyl carbinol per liter could be obtained from the utilization of 190 g of D-xylose and 226 g of D-glucose per liter, respectively
91 citations