Fertilizer-induced Changes in Rhizosphere Electrical Conductivity: Relation to Forest Tree Seedling Root System Growth and Function
TL;DR: For fertilization programs to be successful, a critical threshold balance must be maintained between optimizing seedling nutrient availability in the rhizosphere, while minimizing potential for root damage.
Abstract: Fertilization is standard practice in forest tree seedling nursery culture. Additionally, fertilization at outplanting has potential to facilitate nutrient uptake and reduce transplant shock. Fertilization, however, may dramatically alter rhizosphere chemical properties such as pH, ion availability, and electrical conductivity (EC). These changes may inhibit root system growth and function by reducing soil osmotic potential and creating specific ion toxicities. The risk of root damage associated with high EC levels appears to be dependent on species, age of root system, and soil moisture availability. Root inhibition in container nursery culture of conifers is likely to occur above 2.5 dS m−1, though threshold EC levels for bareroot culture and field plantings are largely unavailable. Fertilization at outplanting has the added risk that drought conditions may prevent leaching of excess fertilizer salts, which can increase rhizosphere EC beyond safe levels and ultimately impair root uptake of water or nutrients. For fertilization programs to be successful, a critical threshold balance must be maintained between optimizing seedling nutrient availability in the rhizosphere, while minimizing potential for root damage. Future research is needed to identify optimal EC levels for a range of species across all stages of the reforestation process, from nursery culture through plantation establishment.
Citations
More filters
Book•
02 Aug 2006
TL;DR: This work has shown clear trends in growth rates and wood quality in mixed-species plantations, and these trends are likely to continue into the next generation of plantations.
Abstract: 1 Plantation Forests.- 2 Biology of Plantation Growth.- 3 Growth Rates and Wood Quality.- 4 Choosing the Species and Site.- 5 Establishment.- 6 Nutrient Management.-7 Stand Density and Initial Spacing.- 8 Thinning.- 9 Pruning.- 10 Pests.- 11 Diseases.- 12 Tree Breeding.- 13 Mixed-species Plantations.- 14 Conclusion.- References.
131 citations
Cites background from "Fertilizer-induced Changes in Rhizo..."
...However, the fertiliser can induce changes in soil chemical properties that may be deleterious to seedling growth (Jacobs and Timmer 2005)....
[...]
TL;DR: Cette nouvelle approche demontre la possibilite d'esperer perfectionner les objectifs de fertilite pour une production en pepiniere de plants de Quercus rubra and peuvent avoir une application pour d'autres especes feuillues et d'Autres systemes culturaux.
Abstract: Des objectifs de fertilite ont ete quantifies et caracterises pour des semis de chene rouge d'Amerique (Quercus rubra L.) cultives en pepiniere. Les semis ont ete alimentes avec un engrais 15N-5P205-15K20 selon huit taux de 0-150 mg N plant-' et ont pousses pendant 18 semaines dans une serre. La croissance des semis, leur reponse nutritionnelle a un accroissement de la fertilisation a suivi un modele curvilineaire decrivant des phases rangees depuis la carence jusqu'a la toxicite. La production en matiere seche des semis a ete maximale a la dose suffisante correspondant 25 mg N plant -1 saison-1, tandis que l'optimum de consommation s'est situe a 100 mg N plant- saison-1. La dose saisonniere de 150 mg N plant- a induit une toxicite N et P, mais il en est resulte une interaction antagoniste avec K. Le prelevement de nutriments par les plants a augmente le contenu en N et P de 27 % et 55 %. Cette nouvelle approche demontre la possibilite d'esperer perfectionner les objectifs de fertilite pour une production en pepiniere de plants de Quercus rubra et peuvent avoir une application pour d'autres especes feuillues et d'autres systemes culturaux.
106 citations
Cites background from "Fertilizer-induced Changes in Rhizo..."
...This helps avert plant damage associated with ion toxicity or inhibitory rhizosphere electrical conductivity levels [25, 26], as well as enhances the acclimation of seedling tolerance to intensive fertilization [32, 44, 45]....
[...]
TL;DR: The planting environment of Mediterranean areas is highly challenging as summer drought and winter frost jeopardize survival, and soil infertility limits establishment success, so the potential for seedling nutrient loading to alleviate these post-planting stresses is reviewed.
Abstract: The planting environment of Mediterranean areas is highly challenging as summer drought and winter frost jeopardize survival, and soil infertility limits establishment success. We review the potential for seedling nutrient loading to alleviate these post-planting stresses. A growing body of evidence indicates that nitrogen (N) rich seedlings have improved field performance in Mediterranean environments, due to their ability to grow new roots rapidly and out-compete weeds. In addition, frost resistance during hardening is crucial for relatively cold inland nurseries; recent research shows a positive relationship between N and shoot frost resistance though a knowledge gap exists regarding the influence of nutrition on root frost resistance. Some new evidence also implicates phosphorus as an important driver of seedling response in the Mediterranean due to its influence on root growth and physiology. Nutrient status influences other functional attributes critical to survival in Mediterranean areas, such as drought tolerance, root hydraulic conductivity, and mycorrhization. In light of the apparent benefits of high nutrient reserves for seedling performance in Mediterranean areas, we also review techniques for nursery nutrient loading. Exponential fertilization can be applied when species’ growth patterns match this application regime. However, many Mediterranean species exhibit episodic growth indicating that constant or fall fertilization could be more effective in reaching loading. In particular, late-season fertilization has shown good potential to avert nutrient dilution in the fall and increase frost resistance. Several needs for future research are identified, with special emphasis on the necessity to match fertilization regimes to species ecological traits and planting conditions.
78 citations
Cites background from "Fertilizer-induced Changes in Rhizo..."
...…to accomplish nutrient loading Application of water soluble fertilizers (fertigation) is currently the norm in forest nurseries but application of solid fertilizers to the substrate, particularly controlled-release fertilizer (CRF), represents an alternative to fertigation (Jacobs and Timmer 2005)....
[...]
...Theoretically, the temperature-dependent nature of nutrient release of CRF (Jacobs and Timmer 2005) results in the largest release during the period of maximum plant growth and the lowest during cold periods or storage....
[...]
...With improved CRF technology, many nurseries are now routinely incorporating CRF into the growing medium (Haase et al. 2006)....
[...]
...N, P and K (up to 305, 6 and 275 mg l -1, respectively) in the growing media saturation extract after 11 months of culture (Oliet et al. 2004) when fertilizing only with CRF; thus, CRF incorporated into the growing medium has the potential to continue releasing following field transplant (Haase et al. 2006)....
[...]
...Other fertilization methods to accomplish nutrient loading Application of water soluble fertilizers (fertigation) is currently the norm in forest nurseries but application of solid fertilizers to the substrate, particularly controlled-release fertilizer (CRF), represents an alternative to fertigation (Jacobs and Timmer 2005)....
[...]
TL;DR: The impacts of pyrolysis parameters on biochar characteristics are reported and the importance of characterizing them before their use in soils is shown, which confirms the value of biochars as a soil amendment.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the spatial distribution of fine roots and their correlation with selected soil properties on an artificial ecosystem dominated by woody vegetation species were investigated, and the root distribution was compared to that predicted using a global model for natural ecosystems.
Abstract: Aims:
(1) to investigate the spatial distribution of fine roots and its correlation with selected soil properties on an artificial ecosystem dominated by woody vegetation species, and (2) to compare the root distribution to that predicted using a global model for natural ecosystems.
54 citations
Cites background from "Fertilizer-induced Changes in Rhizo..."
...Although no explicit threshold pH value exists for species growing in natural ecosystems, very high pH values inhibit root growth and function by inducing nutrient deficiencies and specific ion toxicities (Hinsinger 2001; Hinsinger et al. 2003; Jacobs and Timmer 2005)....
[...]
References
More filters
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests, and the Soil-Root Interface (Rhizosphere) in Relation to Mineral Nutrition.
Abstract: Nutritional Physiology: Introduction, Definition, and Classification of Mineral Nutrients. Ion Uptake Mechanisms of Individual Cells and Roots: Short Distance Transport. Long-Distance Transport in the Xylem and Phloem and its Regulation. Uptake and Release of Mineral Elements by Leaves and Other Aerial Plant Parts. Yield and the Source-Sink Relationships. Mineral Nutrition and Yield Response. Nitrogen Fixation. Functions of Mineral Nutrients: Macronutrients. Function of Mineral Nutrients: Micronutrients. Beneficial Mineral Elements. Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests. Diagnosis of Deficiency and Toxicity of Mineral Nutrients. Plant-Soil Relationships: Nutrient Availability in Soils. Effect of Internal and External Factors on Root Growth and Development. The Soil-Root Interface (Rhizosphere) in Relation to Mineral Nutrition. Adaptation of Plants to Adverse Chemical Soil Conditions. References. Subject Index.
18,276 citations
"Fertilizer-induced Changes in Rhizo..." refers background in this paper
...It is often difficult to assess the relative contributions of these factors on growth inhibitions (Marschner 1995), which may be further complicated by variation in plant response associated with type of salt input (Allen et al....
[...]
...It is often difficult to assess the relative contributions of these factors on growth inhibitions (Marschner 1995), which may be further complicated by variation in plant response associated with type of salt input (Allen et al. 1994)....
[...]
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the relationship between mineral nutrition and plant diseases and pests, and diagnose deficiency and toxicity of mineral nutrients in leaves and other aerial parts of a plant.
Abstract: Nutritional Physiology: Introduction, Definition, and Classification of Mineral Nutrients. Ion Uptake Mechanisms of Individual Cells and Roots: Short Distance Transport. Long-Distance Transport in the Xylem and Phloem and its Regulation. Uptake and Release of Mineral Elements by Leaves and Other Aerial Plant Parts. Yield and the Source-Sink Relationships. Mineral Nutrition and Yield Response. Nitrogen Fixation. Functions of Mineral Nutrients: Macronutrients. Function of Mineral Nutrients: Micronutrients. Beneficial Mineral Elements. Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests. Diagnosis of Deficiency and Toxicity of Mineral Nutrients. Plant-Soil Relationships: Nutrient Availability in Soils. Effect of Internal and External Factors on Root Growth and Development. The Soil-Root Interface (Rhizosphere) in Relation to Mineral Nutrition. Adaptation of Plants to Adverse Chemical Soil Conditions. References. Subject Index.
16,025 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1966
TL;DR: The Soils Around Us 2 Formation of Soils from Parent Materials 3 Soil Classification 4 Soil Architecture and Physical Properties 5 Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior 6 Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle 7 Soil Aeration and Temperature 8 Soil Colloids: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Activity 9 Soil Acidity 10 Soils of Dry Regions: Alkalinity, Salinity, and Sodicity 11 Organisms and Ecology of the Soil 12 Soil Organic Matter 13 Nitrogen and Sulfur Economy of Soiles 14 Soil Ph
Abstract: 1 The Soils Around Us 2 Formation of Soils from Parent Materials 3 Soil Classification 4 Soil Architecture and Physical Properties 5 Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior 6 Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle 7 Soil Aeration and Temperature 8 Soil Colloids: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Activity 9 Soil Acidity 10 Soils of Dry Regions: Alkalinity, Salinity, and Sodicity 11 Organisms and Ecology of the Soil 12 Soil Organic Matter 13 Nitrogen and Sulfur Economy of Soils 14 Soil Phosphorus and Potassium 15 Micronutrients and Other Trace Elements 16 Practical Nutrient Management 17 Soil Erosion and Its Control 18 Soils and Chemical Pollution 19 Geographic Soils Information 20 Prospects for Global Soil Quality Appendix A Soil Classification: World Resource Base Autralian and Canadian Systems Appendix B SI Units, Conversion Factors, Periodic Table of the Elements and Scentific Names of Plants Mentioned Glossary Index
6,267 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1954
5,379 citations