Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview
TL;DR: Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology has been extensively studied in the literature as mentioned in this paper, where the basic techniques for fiber grating fabrication, their characteristics, and the fundamental properties of fiber gratings are described.
Abstract: The historical beginnings of photosensitivity and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology are recounted. The basic techniques for fiber grating fabrication, their characteristics, and the fundamental properties of fiber gratings are described. The many applications of fiber grating technology are tabulated, and some selected applications are briefly described.
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TL;DR: The Fibre Bragg grating sensors in optical fibres have been shown to be sensitive to photosensitivity in optical fiber properties as mentioned in this paper, and they have been applied in communications applications.
Abstract: Photosensitivity in optical fibres properties of Fibre Bragg gratings inscribing Bragg gratings in optical fibres Fibre Bragg grating theory applications of Bragg gratings in communications Fibre Bragg grating sensors impact of Fibre Bragg gratings.
1,446 citations
Patent•
16 Mar 2011TL;DR: In this paper, a detection system coupled with the optical fiber bend sensor was proposed to determine a position of at least one joint region of an articulatable arm based on the detected light reflected by or transmitted through the sensor, and a control system comprising a servo controller for effectuating movement of the arm.
Abstract: A surgical instrument is provided, including: at least one articulatable arm having a distal end, a proximal end, and at least one joint region disposed between the distal and proximal ends; an optical fiber bend sensor provided in the at least one joint region of the at least one articulatable arm; a detection system coupled to the optical fiber bend sensor, said detection system comprising a light source and a light detector for detecting light reflected by or transmitted through the optical fiber bend sensor to determine a position of at least one joint region of the at least one articulatable arm based on the detected light reflected by or transmitted through the optical fiber bend sensor; and a control system comprising a servo controller for effectuating movement of the arm.
986 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of current research and development in the field of structural health monitoring with civil engineering applications, including building, piles, bridges, pipelines, tunnels, and dams.
838 citations
Additional excerpts
...Now the phase mask technique supersedes the above two methods and is commonly used to form commercially the in-core gratings [25]....
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Patent•
13 Jun 2007TL;DR: In this paper, a telemanipulation system was used to move the distal end of a surgical instrument in all six Cartesian degrees of freedom independently of any guide tube movements.
Abstract: A surgical instrument is inserted through a guide tube. A telemanipulation system moves the distal end of the surgical instrument in all six Cartesian degrees of freedom independently of any guide tube movements.
822 citations
Patent•
14 Aug 2008TL;DR: In this article, Bragg sensor optical fibers are coupled to an elongated instrument body and include a fiber core having one or more Bragg gratings, and a controller is configured to initiate various actions in response thereto.
Abstract: Robotic medical instrument systems and associated methods utilizing an optical fiber sensors such as Bragg sensor optical fibers. In one configuration, an optical fiber is coupled to an elongate instrument body and includes a fiber core having one or more Bragg gratings. A controller is configured to initiate various actions in response thereto. For example, a controller may generate and display a graphical representation of the instrument body and depict one or more position and/or orientation variables thereof, or adjust motors of an instrument driver to reposition the catheter or another instrument. Optical fibers having Bragg gratings may also be utilized with other system components including a plurality of working instruments that are positioned within a sheath lumen, an instrument driver, localization sensors, and/or an image capture device, and may also be coupled to a patient's body or associated structure that stabilizes the body.
785 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the observation of photosensitivity in Ge-doped core optical fibers is reported. The photosensitivity is manifested by light-induced refractive index changes in the core of the waveguide.
Abstract: The observation of photosensitivity in Ge‐doped core optical fibers is reported. The photosensitivity is manifested by light‐induced refractive‐index changes in the core of the waveguide. Narrowband reflectors in a guide structure have been fabricated using this photosensitivity and the resulting DFB reflectors employed as laser mirrors in a cw gas laser in the visible.
2,294 citations
"Fiber Bragg grating technology fund..." refers methods in this paper
...Historically, Bragg gratings were first fabricated using the internal writing [1] and the holographic technique [4]....
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TL;DR: Bragg gratings have been produced in germanosilicate optical fibers by exposing the core, through the side of the cladding, to a coherent UV two-beam interference pattern with a wavelength selected to lie in the oxygen-vacancy defect band of germania, near 244 nm.
Abstract: Bragg gratings have been produced in germanosilicate optical fibers by exposing the core, through the side of the cladding, to a coherent UV two-beam interference pattern with a wavelength selected to lie in the oxygen-vacancy defect band of germania, near 244 nm. Fractional index perturbations of approximately 3 x 10(-5) have been written in a 4.4-mm length of the core with a 5-min exposure. The Bragg filters formed by this new technique had reflectivities of 50-55% and spectral widths, at half-maximum, of 42 GHz.
1,987 citations
"Fiber Bragg grating technology fund..." refers background or methods in this paper
...[4] who recognized from the work of Lam and Garside [3] that...
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...[4] showed that this radiation could be used to form gratings that would reflect any wavelength by illuminating the fiber through the side of...
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...Historically, Bragg gratings were first fabricated using the internal writing [1] and the holographic technique [4]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new class of long-period fiber gratings that can be used as in-fiber, low-loss, band-rejection filters is presented.
Abstract: We present a new class of long-period fiber gratings that can be used as in-fiber, low-loss, band-rejection filters. Photoinduced periodic structures written in the core of standard communication-grade fibers couple light from the fundamental guided mode to forward propagating cladding modes and act as spectrally selective loss elements with insertion losses act as backreflections <-80 dB, polarization-mode-dispersions <0.01 ps and polarization-dependent-losses <0.02 dB.
1,696 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a photolithographic method is described for fabricating refractive index Bragg gratings in photosensitive optical fiber by using a special phase mask grating made of silica glass.
Abstract: A photolithographic method is described for fabricating refractive index Bragg gratings in photosensitive optical fiber by using a special phase mask grating made of silica glass. A KrF excimer laser beam (249 nm) at normal incidence is modulated spatially by the phase mask grating. The diffracted light, which forms a periodic, high‐contrast intensity pattern with half the phase mask grating pitch, photoimprints a refractive index modulation into the core of photosensitive fiber placed behind, in proximity, and parallel, to the mask; the phase mask grating striations are oriented normal to the fiber axis. This method of fabricating in‐fiber Bragg gratings is flexible, simple to use, results in reduced mechanical sensitivity of the grating writing apparatus and is functional even with low spatial and temporal coherence laser sources.
953 citations
"Fiber Bragg grating technology fund..." refers methods in this paper
...Both these methods, which have been described already, have been largely superseded by the phase mask technique [16], [17] which is illustrated in Fig....
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TL;DR: In this article, high pressure "hydrogen loading" has been used to sensitise standard singlemode fibres, resulting in the largest reported UV induced index changes for low GeO/sub 2/ fibres.
Abstract: High pressure 'hydrogen loading' has been used to sensitise standard singlemode fibres, resulting in the largest reported UV induced index changes for low GeO/sub 2/ fibres. Grating bandwidths of 4 nm and peak nu ns of 5.9*10/sup -3/ have been reproducibly achieved. Substantial index changes have also been achieved by rapidly heating H/sub 2/ loaded fibres of various compositions.<
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676 citations