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Journal ArticleDOI

Fibroblast growth factors, their receptors and signaling.

01 Sep 2000-Endocrine-related Cancer (Bioscientifica Ltd)-Vol. 7, Iss: 3, pp 165-197
TL;DR: FGF signaling also appears to play a role in tumor growth and angiogenesis, and autocrine FGF signaling may be particularly important in the progression of steroid hormone-dependent cancers to a hormone-independent state.
Abstract: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are small polypeptide growth factors, all of whom share in common certain structural characteristics, and most of whom bind heparin avidly. Many FGFs contain signal peptides for secretion and are secreted into the extracellular environment, where theycan bind to the heparan-like glycosaminoglycans (HLGAGs) of the extracellular matrix (ECM). From this reservoir, FGFs mayact directlyon target cells, or theycan be released through digestion of the ECM or the activityof a carrier protein, a secreted FGF binding protein. FGFs bind specific receptor tyrosine kinases in the context of HLGAGs and this binding induces receptor dimerization and activation, ultimatelyresulting in the activation of various signal transduction cascades. Some FGFs are potent angiogenic factors and most playimportant roles in embry onic development and wound healing. FGF signaling also appears to playa role in tumor growth and angiogenesis, and autocrine FGF signaling maybe particularlyimportant in the progression of steroid hormone-dependent cancers to a hormone-independent state.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that ARPCA binds FGF8b and inhibits its capacity to form FGFR1-mediated ternary complexes with heparan sulphate proteoglycans, and represents a novel F GF8b antagonist with translational implications for the therapy of steroid hormone-regulated tumors.
Abstract: Fibroblast growth factor-8b (FGF8b) affects the epithelial/stromal compartments of steroid hormone-regulated tumors by exerting an autocrine activity on cancer cells and a paracrine pro-angiogenic function, thus contributing to tumor progression. The FGF8b/FGF receptor (FGFR) system may therefore represent a target for the treatment of steroid hormone-regulated tumors. The soluble pattern recognition receptor long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) binds various FGFs, including FGF2 and FGF8b, thus inhibiting the angiogenic and tumorigenic activity of androgen-regulated tumor cells. Nevertheless, the complex/proteinaceous structure of PTX3 hampers its pharmacological exploitation. In this context, the acetylated pentapeptide Ac-ARPCA-NH2 (ARPCA), corresponding to the N-terminal amino acid sequence PTX3(100-104), was identified as a minimal FGF2-binding peptide able to antagonize the biological activity of FGF2. Here, we demonstrate that ARPCA binds FGF8b and inhibits its capacity to form FGFR1-mediated ternary complexes with heparan sulphate proteoglycans. As a FGF8b antagonist, ARPCA inhibits FGFR1 activation and signalling in endothelial cells, hampering the angiogenic activity exerted in vitro and in vivo by FGF8b. Also, ARPCA suppresses the angiogenic and tumorigenic potential of prototypic androgen/FGF8b-dependent Shionogi 115 mammary carcinoma cells and of androgen/FGF8b/FGF2-dependent TRAMP-C2 prostate cancer cells. In conclusion, ARPCA represents a novel FGF8b antagonist with translational implications for the therapy of steroid hormone-regulated tumors.

26 citations


Cites background from "Fibroblast growth factors, their re..."

  • ...Like other members of the FGF family, FGF8 mediates its cellular responses by binding and activating tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs) [3]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Testing whether FGF-2 acutely stimulates migration of transformed MDCK cells in a KCa3.1 channel-dependent way shows that there is a reciprocal interrelation between F GF-2 and KCa 3.1 channels, which leads to an acceleration of migration.
Abstract: Tumor cell migration is crucial for the formation of tumor metastases and the progression of tumor disease. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is one of the cytokines involved in the autocrine stimulation of tumor development. FGF-2 also stimulates transcription of Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels (IK1 or KCa3.1), which are part of the migration machinery in many cell types. Here, we tested whether FGF-2 acutely stimulates migration of transformed MDCK cells in a KCa3.1 channel-dependent way. FGF-2 accelerates migration dose dependently. The speed of migration increases almost instantaneously. After 2 min, ERK1/2 phosphorylation has almost doubled. FGF-2 does not stimulate migration when ERK1/2 phosphorylation is inhibited. KCa3.1 channel blockade also prevents the stimulatory effect of FGF-2 on cell migration. In addition, FGF-2 treatment leads to an activation of KCa3.1 channels and a rapid rise of the cell area, which is because of an elevated rate of exocytosis. However, the amount of KCa3.1 channels within the plasma membrane does not change. Our results show that there is a reciprocal interrelation between FGF-2 and KCa3.1 channels. KCa3.1 channels that are under the transcriptional control of FGF-2 are part of the FGF-2-mediated signaling cascade leading to an acceleration of migration.

26 citations


Cites background from "Fibroblast growth factors, their re..."

  • ...Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a chemokine known to stimulate cell migration [4, 34]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
Suping Qin1, Dexu Sun1, Hui Li1, Xiangyang Li1, Wei Pan1, Chao Yan1, Renxian Tang1, Xiaomei Liu1 
TL;DR: The results suggest thatSHH-Gli pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of RA, and blocking SHH-gli pathway inhibits RA-SF cell proliferation and increases cell apoptosis, which may shed light on developing new ideas for RA treatment.
Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic synovitis. This study aims to investigate the role of sonic hedgehog (SHH)-Gli signaling pathway in synovial fibroblast proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis. The expression of serum SHH in RA patients group was significantly increased compared with the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and healthy subject (healthy control, HC) groups, respectively; serum SHH expression of RA patients was positively correlated with rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP Ab), while there was no significant correlation between SHH expression and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). SHH, Ptch, Smo, and Gli molecules were highly expressed in rat RA-synovial fibroblast (RA-SF); after blocking the SHH-Gli signaling pathway with a Gli specific inhibitor, Gli-antagonist 61 (GANT61), RA-SF proliferation was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner and the apoptosis rate of RA-SF was increased as well; the expression levels of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and FGFR3 declined in SF cells after GANT61 treatment. Our results suggest that SHH-Gli pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of RA, and blocking SHH-Gli pathway inhibits RA-SF cell proliferation and increases cell apoptosis, which may shed light on developing new ideas for RA treatment.

26 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Studying FGF signalling in the prostate will help to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the gland develops, maintains homoeostasis and undergoes carcinogenesis; as well as yield clues on how androgens mediate these processes and how advanced-tumour prostate cells escape strict androgen regulations.
Abstract: The FGFs (fibroblast growth factors) regulate a broad spectrum of biological activities by activating transmembrane FGFR (FGF receptor) tyrosine kinases and their coupled intracellular signalling pathways. In the prostate, the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions mediated by androgen signalling and paracrine factors are essential for gland organogenesis, homoeostasis and tumorigenesis. FGFs mediate these mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in the prostate by paracrinal crosstalk through a diverse set of ligands and receptors. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in mouse models have demonstrated the requirement for the FGF signalling axis in prostate development and homoeostasis. The aberrant induction of this axis in either compartment of the prostate results in developmental disorders, disrupts the homoeostatic balance and leads to prostate carcinogenesis. FGFs are also implicated in mediating androgen signalling in the prostate between mesenchymal and epithelial compartments. Therefore studying FGF signalling in the prostate will help us to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the gland develops, maintains homoeostasis and undergoes carcinogenesis; as well as yield clues on how androgens mediate these processes and how advanced-tumour prostate cells escape strict androgen regulations.

26 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the FGF10 could have been involved in the development of myopia and the risk G allele of SNP rs339501 was associated with extreme myopia in human and caused a higher gene expression in the luciferase assay.
Abstract: Purpose Fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF10) can modulate extracellular matrix associated genes and, therefore, it could be a myopia susceptibility gene. This study used an animal model, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) association, and genetic functional assay to evaluate FGF10 gene for myopia. Methods The expression levels of FGF10 gene were compared among the form deprivation myopic (FDM) eyes, the fellow eyes of the FDM group, and the healthy eyes of experimental mice. In the present study 1020 cases (≤-6.0 diopters [D]) and 960 controls (≥-1.5 D) were enrolled from a Chinese population. Eight tagging SNPs were genotyped to test for an association between genotypes and myopia. The luciferase reporter assay was conducted for the particular SNP to assess the allelic effect on gene expression. Results The sclera of FDM eyes had a 2.57-fold higher level of FGF10 mRNA (P = 0.018) than the fellow eyes. Although no SNP was associated with high myopia, SNP rs339501 was significantly associated with extreme myopia (≤-10 D, P = 0.008) and the odds ratio (OR) was 1.58 for G allele carriers. The luciferase assay showed that the risk G allele significantly caused a higher expression level than the A allele (P = 0.011). Conclusions The evidence suggested FGF10 to be a risk factor for myopia. The sclera of myopic eyes had higher FGF10 levels. The risk G allele of SNP rs339501 was associated with extreme myopia in human and caused a higher gene expression in the luciferase assay. It is concluded that the FGF10 could have been involved in the development of myopia.

26 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
22 Feb 1991-Cell
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that free heparin and heparan sulfate can reconstitute a low affinity receptor that is, in turn, required for the high affinity binding of bFGF.

2,448 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
16 Feb 1995-Nature
TL;DR: This work highlights conserved protein domains that act as key regulatory participants in many of these different signalling pathways in multicellular organisms.
Abstract: Communication between cells assumes particular importance in multicellular organisms. The growth, migration and differentiation of cells in the embryo, and their organization into specific tissues, depend on signals transmitted from one cell to another. In the adult, cell signalling orchestrates normal cellular behaviour and responses to wounding and infection. The consequences of breakdowns in this signalling underlie cancer, diabetes and disorders of the immune and cardiovascular systems. Conserved protein domains that act as key regulatory participants in many of these different signalling pathways are highlighted.

2,433 citations


"Fibroblast growth factors, their re..." refers background in this paper

  • ...One way these recruited target proteins may be localized to the activated receptor is through the interaction between their Src-homology 2 (SH2) domains and specific phosphotyrosine residues on the activated receptor (Pawson 1995)....

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  • ...Phosphorylated tyrosine residues, in turn, recruit other signaling molecules to the activated receptors and propagate the signal through many possible transduction pathways (Pawson 1995)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Electron microscopic examination of the corneal neovascularization of thalidomide-treated rabbits revealed specific ultrastructural changes similar to those seen in the deformed limb bud vasculature of Thalidomid-treated embryos.
Abstract: Thalidomide is a potent teratogen causing dysmelia (stunted limb growth) in humans. We have demonstrated that orally administered thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis induced by basic fibroblast growth factor in a rabbit cornea micropocket assay. Experiments including the analysis of thalidomide analogs revealed that the antiangiogenic activity correlated with the teratogenicity but not with the sedative or the mild immunosuppressive properties of thalidomide. Electron microscopic examination of the corneal neovascularization of thalidomide-treated rabbits revealed specific ultrastructural changes similar to those seen in the deformed limb bud vasculature of thalidomide-treated embryos. These experiments shed light on the mechanism of thalidomide's teratogenicity and hold promise for the potential use of thalidomide as an orally administered drug for the treatment of many diverse diseases dependent on angiogenesis.

2,364 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that FGF 1 is the only FGF that can activate all FGF receptor splice variants and the relative activity of all the other members of the FGF family is determined.

2,066 citations


"Fibroblast growth factors, their re..." refers background in this paper

  • ...†From Ornitz et al. (1996), except where stated; ‡From Koga et al. (1995); §From Miralles et al. (1999); ¶From Xu et al. (1999). topologically identical to interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (Zhu et al. 1991), with which some members also share the feature of secretion by an endoplasmic reticulum…...

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  • ...Mutation of all four cysteines to serines results in a protein with the same secondary structure and equally mitogenic for 3T3 cells as the wild-type FGF-2 (Foxet al. 1988), suggesting that the formation of disulfide bridges is not important for the secondary structure and mitogenic activity of…...

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  • ...Ornitz et al. (1996) determined the specificity of different FGFs for different receptor isoforms by overexpressing these isoforms in Baf3 cells, which do not normally express FGFRs, and assaying for [3H]thymidine incorporation in these cells following treatment with different FGFs (see Table 2)....

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  • ...1, IIIb 100 60 34 16 4 5 6 4 4 1, IIIc 100 104 0 102 59 55 0 1 21 2, IIIb 100 9 45 15 5 5 81 4 7 2, IIIc 100 64 4 94 25 61 2.5 16 89 3, IIIb 100 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 42 3, IIIc 100 107 1 69 12 9 1 41 96 4 100 113 6 108 7 79 2 76 75 Modified from Ornitz et al. (1996)....

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Journal ArticleDOI

1,994 citations


"Fibroblast growth factors, their re..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Defining features of the FGF family are a strong affinity for heparin and HLGAGs (Burgess & Maciag 1989), as well as a central core of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between different family members....

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