Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers.
About: This article is published in Psychological Bulletin.The article was published on 1951-01-01. It has received 1777 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Field theory (sociology).
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TL;DR: In this paper, the contribution and potential of environmental psychology for understanding and promoting pro-environmental behaviour is discussed. But, the authors focus on four main factors underlying human behaviour patterns: identification of the behaviour to be changed, examination of the main factors behind this behaviour, design and application of interventions to change behaviour to reduce environmental impact, and evaluation of the effects of interventions.
3,297 citations
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...A theory-driven approach towards the behavioural components of environmental problems will provide a strong basis for understanding and managing these problems (following Kurt Lewin, 1951, p. 169): ‘‘Nothing is as practical as a good theory’’....
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TL;DR: The authors define context as situational opportunities and constraints that affect the occurrence and meaning of organizational behavior as well as functional relationships between variables, and propose two levels of analysis for thinking about context, one grounded in journalistic practice and the other in classic social psychology.
Abstract: I argue that the impact of context on organizational behavior is not sufficiently recognized or appreciated by researchers. I define context as situational opportunities and constraints that affect the occurrence and meaning of organizational behavior as well as functional relationships between variables, and I propose two levels of analysis for thinking about context–one grounded in journalistic practice and the other in classic social psychology. Several means of contextualizing research are considered.
2,881 citations
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...As such, it can be represented as a tension system or force field comprising such opportunities and constraints (Lewin, 1951)....
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...In combination, they constitute a force field or tension system (Lewin, 1951; Ross & Nisbett, 1991), the net effect of which shapes organizational behavior....
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TL;DR: The data show some evidence that interactive CME sessions that enhance participant activity and provide the opportunity to practice skills can effect change in professional practice and, on occasion, health care outcomes.
Abstract: ContextAlthough physicians report spending a considerable amount of time in
continuing medical education (CME) activities, studies have shown a sizable
difference between real and ideal performance, suggesting a lack of effect
of formal CME.ObjectiveTo review, collate, and interpret the effect of formal CME interventions
on physician performance and health care outcomes.Data SourcesSources included searches of the complete Research and Development Resource
Base in Continuing Medical Education and the Specialised Register of the Cochrane
Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group, supplemented by searches
of MEDLINE from 1993 to January 1999.Study SelectionStudies were included in the analyses if they were randomized controlled
trials of formal didactic and/or interactive CME interventions (conferences,
courses, rounds, meetings, symposia, lectures, and other formats) in which
at least 50% of the participants were practicing physicians. Fourteen of 64
studies identified met these criteria and were included in the analyses. Articles
were reviewed independently by 3 of the authors.Data ExtractionDeterminations were made about the nature of the CME intervention (didactic,
interactive, or mixed), its occurrence as a 1-time or sequenced event, and
other information about its educational content and format. Two of 3 reviewers
independently applied all inclusion/exclusion criteria. Data were then subjected
to meta-analytic techniques.Data SynthesisThe 14 studies generated 17 interventions fitting our criteria. Nine
generated positive changes in professional practice, and 3 of 4 interventions
altered health care outcomes in 1 or more measures. In 7 studies, sufficient
data were available for effect sizes to be calculated; overall, no significant
effect of these educational methods was detected (standardized effect size,
0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.22 to 0.97). However, interactive
and mixed educational sessions were associated with a significant effect on
practice (standardized effect size, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.01-1.45).ConclusionsOur data show some evidence that interactive CME sessions that enhance
participant activity and provide the opportunity to practice skills can effect
change in professional practice and, on occasion, health care outcomes. Based
on a small number of well-conducted trials, didactic sessions do not appear
to be effective in changing physician performance.
2,384 citations
TL;DR: The evidence of experience as discussed by the authors is a semiotic principle that there is no unmediated access to reality-that language, in the form of available discourses, prefigures our perception of the world-to the heart of the traditional historian's notion of historical transparency.
Abstract: Feminist historian Joan Scott’s classic essay, “The Evidence of Experience,” many
times reprinted, extends the semiotic principle that there is no unmediated access to
reality-that language, in the form of available discourses, prefigures our perception
of the world-to the heart of the traditional historian’s notion of historical transparency, the evidence of experience. For most historians, from Herodotus on,
evidence (a word derived from the Latin videre, to see), typically functions as the
bedrock of historical truth and objectivity, since it is grounded in the testimony of
those who actually experience “what happened.” The essay opens with Samuel
Delany’s account of a visit to a homosexual bathhouse, an experience that, in its
powerful visibility, persuaded him of the “fact” of homosexuality as a mass movement, shaping the shared lives of millions of men and women, in contrast to the view
of homosexuals at the time as “isolated” marginal figures. Delany’s reliance on the
“truth” of the evidence provided by his experience of the bathhouse is analogous to
the historian’s belief in a referential notion of evidence that presents it as a “reflection
of the real.”
1,864 citations
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...Kurt Lewin (1964) found three basic steps in changing behavior patterns among all social systems: unfreezing , manipulating, and refreezing....
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...Kurt Lewin (1964) found three basic steps in changing behavior patterns among all social systems: unfreezing , manipulating, and refreezing. Prochaski and DiClemente (1983) offer their transtheorecitcal model of behavior change with five steps: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance....
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01 Jan 2002TL;DR: Wegner as mentioned in this paper argues that the feeling of conscious will is created by the mind and brain and that it serves as a guide to understanding ourselves and to developing a sense of responsibility and morality.
Abstract: Do we consciously cause our actions, or do they happen to us? Philosophers, psychologists, neuroscientists, theologians, and lawyers have long debated the existence of free will versus determinism. In this book Daniel Wegner offers a novel understanding of the issue. Like actions, he argues, the feeling of conscious will is created by the mind and brain. Yet if psychological and neural mechanisms are responsible for all human behavior, how could we have conscious will? The feeling of conscious will, Wegner shows, helps us to appreciate and remember our authorship of the things our minds and bodies do. Yes, we feel that we consciously will our actions, Wegner says, but at the same time, our actions happen to us. Although conscious will is an illusion, it serves as a guide to understanding ourselves and to developing a sense of responsibility and morality. Approaching conscious will as a topic of psychological study, Wegner examines the issue from a variety of angles. He looks at illusions of the will -- those cases where people feel that they are willing an act that they are not doing or, conversely, are not willing an act that they in fact are doing. He explores conscious will in hypnosis, Ouija board spelling, automatic writing, and facilitated communication, as well as in such phenomena as spirit possession, dissociative identity disorder, and trance channeling. The result is a book that sidesteps endless debates to focus, more fruitfully, on the impact on our lives of the illusion of conscious will.
1,814 citations
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...In fact, Kurt Lewin (1951) proposed that things we get in mind to do will each create their own tension systems, packages of psychological discomfort that ride along with them until their associated action is complete and the tension is discharged....
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...often called Schneiderian symptoms, after the psychiatrist Kurt Schneider (1959), who described them as indicative of schizophrenia....
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...He continued to work on a new book (The Mind Club, with his student and coauthor Kurt Gray), and to publish new scientific papers....
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