Fine particulate matter (PM2.5): The culprit for chronic lung diseases in China.
28 Aug 2018-Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine (Chronic Dis Transl Med)-Vol. 4, Iss: 3, pp 176-186
TL;DR: This review will discuss the pathophysiology of PM2.5 in respiratory diseases, which are helpful for the prevention of air pollution and treatment of respiratory tract inflammatory diseases.
About: This article is published in Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine.The article was published on 2018-08-28 and is currently open access. It has received 128 citations till now.
Citations
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TL;DR: The results of NO2 tropospheric column extracted from the Sentinel-5P satellite shown the NO2 emissions reduced up to 35 to 40% across Iraq, due to lockdown measures, between January and July 2020, especially across the major cities such as Baghdad, Basra and Erbil.
138 citations
Cites background from "Fine particulate matter (PM2.5): Th..."
...5 specifically, has an impact as it passes through the respiratory system and provides high chances of getting deposited in lungs (Kim et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018)....
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TL;DR: Overall, it is demonstrated that there is a link between NO 2 emissions, PM 2.5 levels, ACE-2 expression and COVID-19 infection severity, and air pollution should be reduced in places where confirmed cases of CO VID-19 are unexpectedly high.
Abstract: Many major cities that witnessed heavy air pollution by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM) have experienced a high rate of infection and severity of the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). This phenomenon could be explained by the overexpression of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) on epithelial cell surfaces of the respiratory tract. Indeed, ACE-2 is a receptor for coronaviruses including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 and 2 (SARS-CoV), and ACE-2 is overexpressed under chronic exposure to air pollution such as NO2 and PM2.5. In this review, we explain that ACE-2 acts as the sole receptor for the attachment of the SARS-CoV-2 via its spike protein. The fact that respiratory and vascular epithelial cells express ACE-2 has been previously observed during the 2003 epidemic of the SARS-CoV-1 in China, and during the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome in Saudi Arabia. High ACE-2 expression in respiratory epithelial cells under air pollution explains the positive correlation between the severity in COVID-19 patients and elevated air pollution, notably high NO2 and PM2.5 levels. Specific areas in India, China, Italy, Russia, Chile and Qatar that experience heavy air pollution also show high rates of COVID-19 infection and severity. Overall, we demonstrate a link between NO2 emissions, PM2.5 levels, ACE-2 expression and COVID-19 infection severity. Therefore, air pollution should be reduced in places where confirmed cases of COVID-19 are unexpectedly high.
137 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that there exists a positive correlation between the level of air pollution of a region and the lethality related to COVID-19, indicating air pollution to be an elemental and concealed factor in aggravating the global burden of deaths related to the disease.
Abstract: The present work estimates the increased risk of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by establishing the linkage between the mortality rate in the infected cases and the air pollution, specifically Particulate Matters (PM) with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 µm and ≤ 2.5 µm. Data related to nine Asian cities are analyzed using statistical approaches, including the analysis of variance and regression model. The present work suggests that there exists a positive correlation between the level of air pollution of a region and the lethality related to COVID-19, indicating air pollution to be an elemental and concealed factor in aggravating the global burden of deaths related to COVID-19. Past exposures to high level of PM2.5 over a long period, is found to significantly correlate with present COVID-19 mortality per unit reported cases (p < 0.05) compared to PM10, with non-significant correlation (p = 0.118). The finding of the study can help government agencies, health ministries and policymakers globally to take proactive steps by promoting immunity-boosting supplements and appropriate masks to reduce the risks associated with COVID-19 in highly polluted areas.
110 citations
TL;DR: Environmental pollutants and allergens induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to key features of allergic asthma, and understanding the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy, mitophagy and cellular senescence may allow for the development of new therapeutic targets for asthma.
Abstract: Environmental pollutants and allergens induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to key features of allergic asthma. Dysregulations in autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence have been associated with environmental pollutant and allergen-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, secretion of multiple inflammatory proteins, and subsequently development of asthma. Particularly, particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) has been reported to induce autophagy in the bronchial epithelial cells through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), drive mitophagy through activating PTEN-induced kinase 1(PINK1)/Parkin pathway, and induce cell cycle arrest and senescence. Intriguingly, allergens, including ovalbumin (OVA), Alternaria alternata, and cockroach allergen, have also been shown to induce autophagy through activation of different signaling pathways. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction can induce cell senescence due to excessive ROS production, which affects airway diseases. Although autophagy and senescence share similar properties, recent studies suggest that autophagy can either accelerate the development of senescence or prevent senescence. Thus, in this review, we evaluated the literature regarding the basic cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence, explored their molecular mechanisms in the regulation of the initiation and downstream signaling. Especially, we highlighted their involvement in environmental pollutant/allergen-induced major phenotypic changes of asthma such as airway inflammation and remodeling and reviewed novel and critical research areas for future studies. Ultimately, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence may allow for the development of new therapeutic targets for asthma.
81 citations
TL;DR: Reporting of the possible recovery extent in air quality may help to guide alternative policy intervention in form of short term lockdown so as to testify whether this type of unconventional policy decisions may be put forward to attain a green environment.
53 citations
Cites background from "Fine particulate matter (PM2.5): Th..."
...5 is also the leading cause of human respiratory problem (Xing et al., 2016; Li et al., 2018; Hopke et al., 2019)....
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References
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Health Effects Institute1, University of British Columbia2, Health Canada3, St George's, University of London4, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation5, Sri Ramachandra University6, Utrecht University7, Public Health Foundation of India8, Auckland University of Technology9, United States Environmental Protection Agency10, University of Bath11, Fudan University12, University of Queensland13, Emory University14, Dalhousie University15, Queensland University of Technology16, Brigham Young University17, International Agency for Research on Cancer18
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored spatial and temporal trends in mortality and burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution from 1990 to 2015 at global, regional, and country levels, and estimated the relative risk of mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and lower respiratory infections from epidemiological studies using nonlinear exposure-response functions spanning the global range of exposure.
3,960 citations
TL;DR: It is found that emissions from residential energy use such as heating and cooking, prevalent in India and China, have the largest impact on premature mortality globally, being even more dominant if carbonaceous particles are assumed to be most toxic.
Abstract: Assessment of the global burden of disease is based on epidemiological cohort studies that connect premature mortality to a wide range of causes, including the long-term health impacts of ozone and fine particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5). It has proved difficult to quantify premature mortality related to air pollution, notably in regions where air quality is not monitored, and also because the toxicity of particles from various sources may vary. Here we use a global atmospheric chemistry model to investigate the link between premature mortality and seven emission source categories in urban and rural environments. In accord with the global burden of disease for 2010 (ref. 5), we calculate that outdoor air pollution, mostly by PM2.5, leads to 3.3 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.61-4.81) million premature deaths per year worldwide, predominantly in Asia. We primarily assume that all particles are equally toxic, but also include a sensitivity study that accounts for differential toxicity. We find that emissions from residential energy use such as heating and cooking, prevalent in India and China, have the largest impact on premature mortality globally, being even more dominant if carbonaceous particles are assumed to be most toxic. Whereas in much of the USA and in a few other countries emissions from traffic and power generation are important, in eastern USA, Europe, Russia and East Asia agricultural emissions make the largest relative contribution to PM2.5, with the estimate of overall health impact depending on assumptions regarding particle toxicity. Model projections based on a business-as-usual emission scenario indicate that the contribution of outdoor air pollution to premature mortality could double by 2050.
3,848 citations
"Fine particulate matter (PM2.5): Th..." refers background in this paper
...In China, house hold air pollution, derived from residential energy use such as heating and cooking, has the largest impact on premature mortality.(1) Lanzhou is one of the most seriously air-polluted cities in China and demonstrates a significant association between air pollutants and respiratory hospital admissions....
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...A further concern is the harmful ambient toxins in the air to human health.(1) China has experienced a drastic epidemiological and demographic transition during the past few decades,(2) resulting from rapid economic development....
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TL;DR: A comprehensive assessment of disease burden in China, how it changed between 1990 and 2010, and how China's health burden compares with other nations is done to guide policy responses to the changing disease spectrum in China.
1,636 citations
TL;DR: The effects of particulate matter, gaseous pollutants (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide), and mixed traffic-related air pollution are discussed, focusing on clinical studies published in the previous 5 years.
1,274 citations
"Fine particulate matter (PM2.5): Th..." refers background in this paper
...Environmental exposure is a critical factor in the initiation and exacerbation of asthma.(69) The indoor environment may contain pollutants that influence asthma development and morbidity....
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TL;DR: The population is recommended to limit exposure to air pollution and the authorities are urged to create an index of pollution related to health to help China combat the current air pollution problems.
Abstract: Recently, many researchers paid more attentions to the association between air pollution and respiratory system disease. In the past few years, levels of smog have increased throughout China resulting in the deterioration of air quality, raising worldwide concerns. PM2.5 (particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter) can penetrate deeply into the lung, irritate and corrode the alveolar wall, and consequently impair lung function. Hence it is important to investigate the impact of PM2.5 on the respiratory system and then to help China combat the current air pollution problems. In this review, we will discuss PM2.5 damage on human respiratory system from epidemiological, experimental and mechanism studies. At last, we recommend to the population to limit exposure to air pollution and call to the authorities to create an index of pollution related to health.
1,031 citations
"Fine particulate matter (PM2.5): Th..." refers background in this paper
...5 is known to exacerbate chronic inflammatory lung conditions, including pulmonary hypertension,(31) cardiovascular disease,(32) and autoimmune disease.(33) There are several proposed mechanisms of the impact of PM2....
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