Finite element analysis of brain contusion: an indirect impact study.
01 May 2000-Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing (Med Biol Eng Comput)-Vol. 38, Iss: 3, pp 253-259
TL;DR: Shear strain theory appears to better account for the clinical findings in head injury when the head is subjected to an indirect impact, and predictions of cavitation theory that a pressure gradient develops in the brain during indirect impact are supported.
Abstract: The mechanism of brain contusion has been investigated using a series of three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses. A head injury model was used to simulate forward and backward rotation around the upper cervical vertebra. Intracranial pressure and shear stress responses were calculated and compared. The results obtained with this model support the predictions of cavitation theory that a pressure gradient develops in the brain during indirect impact. Contrecoup pressure-time histories in the parasagittal plane demonstrated that an indirect impact induced a smaller intracranial pressure (-53.7 kPa for backward rotation, and -65.5 kPa for forward rotation) than that caused by a direct impact. In addition, negative pressures induced by indirect impact to the head were not high enough to form cavitation bubbles, which can damage the brain tissue. Simulations predicted that a decrease in skull deformation had a large effect in reducing the intracranial pressure. However, the areas of high shear stress concentration were consistent with those of clinical observations. The findings of this study suggest that shear strain theory appears to better account for the clinical findings in head injury when the head is subjected to an indirect impact.
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TL;DR: The concept that perfusion does not affect the stiffness of living cortical tissue is supported, and cortical gray matter on the parietal and frontal lobes can be considered homogenous.
430 citations
Cites background from "Finite element analysis of brain co..."
...However, brain in vivo is a vascularized tissue, and there is a paucity of information regarding the effect of perfusion on brain mechanical properties....
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...Relative influence of brain mass, load magnitude, contact surfaces and protective interventions can be explored relatively easily by modifying the computational simulations (Huang et al., 2000; Kleiven and von Holst, 2002; Klinich et al., 2002)....
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TL;DR: This study compares brain responses with physician determined signs and symptoms of concussion to investigate tissue-level injury mechanisms and showed the largest brain deformations occurred after the primary head acceleration.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Brain responses from concussive impacts in National Football League football games were simulated by finite element analysis using a detailed anatomic model of the brain and head accelerations from laboratory reconstructions of game impacts. This study compares brain responses with physician determined signs and symptoms of concussion to investigate tissue-level injury mechanisms. METHODS: The Wayne State University Head Injury Model (Version 2001) was used because it has fine anatomic detail of the cranium and brain with more than 300,000 elements. It has 15 different material properties for brain and surrounding tissues. The model includes viscoelastic gray and white brain matter, membranes, ventricles, cranium and facial bones, soft tissues, and slip interface conditions between the brain and dura. The cranium of the finite element model was loaded by translational and rotational accelerations measured in Hybrid III dummies from 28 laboratory reconstructions of NFL impacts involving 22 concussions. Brain responses were determined using a nonlinear, finite element code to simulate the large deformation response of white and gray matter. Strain responses occurring early (during impact) and mid-late (after impact) were compared with the signs and symptoms of concussion. RESULTS: Strain concentration "hot spots" migrate through the brain with time. In 9 of 22 concussions, the early strain "hot spots" occur in the temporal lobe adjacent to the impact and migrate to the far temporal lobe after head acceleration. In all cases, the largest strains occur later in the fornix, midbrain, and corpus callosum. They significantly correlated with removal from play, cognitive and memory problems, and loss of consciousness. Dizziness correlated with early strain in the orbital-frontal cortex and temporal lobe. The strain migration helps explain coup-contrecoup injuries. CONCLUSION: Finite element modeling showed the largest brain deformations occurred after the primary head acceleration. Midbrain strain correlated with memory and cognitive problems and removal from play after concussion. Concussion injuries happen during the rapid displacement and rotation of the cranium, after peak head acceleration and momentum transfer in helmet impacts. Language: en
270 citations
TL;DR: A transversely isotropic hyperelastic model recently proposed by Meaney (2003) is adopted and mathematically studied under uniaxial loading conditions to study the effect of the heterogeneity in the tensile/compressive response on the material parameters.
Abstract: The present study deals with the experimental analysis and mechanical modeling of tensile behavior of brain soft tissue. A transversely isotropic hyperelastic model recently proposed by Meaney (2003) is adopted and mathematically studied under uniaxial loading conditions. Material parameter estimates are obtained through tensile tests on porcine brain materials accounting for regional and directional differences. Attention is focused on the short-term response. An extrapolation of tensile test data to the compression range is performed theoretically, to study the effect of the heterogeneity in the tensile/compressive response on the material parameters. Experimental and numerical results highlight the sensitivity of the adopted model to the test direction.
229 citations
Cites methods from "Finite element analysis of brain co..."
...…2004); definition of automatic procedures for brain topology reconstruction from image data (cf., Bartesaghi and Sapiro 2001; Ramon et al. 2004); and formulation of detailed finite element models of the human head (see Huang et al. 1999, 2000; Zhang et al. 2001; Kleiven 2002; Mota et al. 2003)....
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TL;DR: It is hypothesised that in many patients the contusions may have been the primary injuries of this complex and should therefore be considered as a main injury determining outcome in this study and may support a rational approach to optimising pedal cyclist head protection.
120 citations
Cites background from "Finite element analysis of brain co..."
...There is some evidence from finite element models of the human head that these predilection areas correspond well with areas of high shear stresses in impact simulations (Chu et al., 1994; Huang et al., 2000)....
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01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defined the dimension of head injuries in Sweden over a longer period and presented a finite element (FE) model of the human head which can be used to diagnose head injuries.
Abstract: The main objectives of the present thesis were to define the dimension of head injuries in Sweden over a longer period and to present a Finite Element (FE) model of the human head which can be used ...
108 citations
References
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01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: A good development plan is not a simple document as discussed by the authors. To be powerful, it has to be built around a development model grounded in real-world experience and have to be carefully crafted to fit the needs of the person being developed.
Abstract: good development plan is not a simple document. To be powerful, it has to be builtaround a development model grounded inreal-world experience. It has to be carefullycrafted to fit the needs of the person being devel-oped. It has to include job assignments that buildleadership skills. And it has to be supported by theorganization and integrated into a development philosophy that views planning documents as thebeginning of the development journey, not the end.
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"Finite element analysis of brain co..." refers methods in this paper
...Shear stress contours throughout the brain were also computed by several scholars (WARD and THOMPSON, 1975; SHUGAR, 1977; KUMARESAN and RADHAKRISHNAN, 1996)....
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01 Feb 1977
556 citations
"Finite element analysis of brain co..." refers methods in this paper
...To validate the present model, a head impact experiment on human cadavers was simulated (NAHUM et al., 1977)....
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TL;DR: A mathematical model embodying the known mechanical properties of subdural veins was used to develop tolerance criteria for the occurrence of ASDH, which was consistent with the clinical and experimental data but differed from tolerances previously proposed for head injury.
Abstract: Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) due to ruptured bridging veins occurs under acceleration conditions associated with high rates of acceleration onset. That this is due to the strain-rate sensitivity of these veins was confirmed in an experimental model of ASDH. The results of this model were consisten
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381 citations