Fire dynamics simulator technical reference guide volume 1 :: mathematical model
01 Jan 2013-
About: The article was published on 2013-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 433 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Fire Dynamics Simulator.
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TL;DR: Research findings on the physics of aerosol and droplet dispersion relevant to the hypothesized aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during the current pandemic are provided.
324 citations
Cites methods from "Fire dynamics simulator technical r..."
...e) with Deardor turbulence model and WALE model near the walls. For the aerosol simulation, we used an Eulerian aerosol tracking with near-wall deposition mechanisms. More information can be found in McGrattan et al. (2019, 2012). 6.2. Computational setup Illustrations of the studied setup are shown in Fig. 4 along with the main dimensions listed in Table 2. While the general system dimensions were xed, the case setups...
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01 Jan 2003
143 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided research findings on the physics of aerosol dispersion relevant to the hypothesized aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and used physics-based modeling at different levels of complexity, and literature on coronavirus, to investigate the possibility of airborne transmission.
Abstract: We provide research findings on the physics of aerosol dispersion relevant to the hypothesized aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We utilize physics-based modeling at different levels of complexity, and literature on coronaviruses, to investigate the possibility of airborne transmission. The previous literature, our 0D-3D simulations by various physics-based models, and theoretical calculations, indicate that the typical size range of speech and cough originated droplets (d < 20microns) allows lingering in the air for O(1h) so that they could be inhaled. Consistent with the previous literature, numerical evidence on the rapid drying process of even large droplets, up to sizes O(100microns), into droplet nuclei/aerosols is provided. Based on the literature and the public media sources, we provide evidence that the infected individuals could have been exposed to aerosols/droplet nuclei by inhaling them in significant numbers e.g. O(100). By 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, we give examples on the transport and dilution of aerosols (d<20microns) over distances O(10m) in generic environments. We study susceptible and infected individuals in generic public places by Monte-Carlo modeling. The model accounts for the locally varying aerosol concentration levels which the susceptible accumulate via inhalation. The introduced concept, 'exposure time' to virus containing aerosols is proposed to complement the traditional 'safety distance' thinking. We show that the exposure time to inhale O(100) aerosols could range from O(1s) to O(1min) or even to O(1h) depending on the situation. The Monte Carlo analysis provides clear quantitative insight to the exposure time in different public indoor environments.
122 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model for agents' behaviour in counterflow situations, where they try to avoid collisions with oncoming agents in a social force model, where the agents observe the walking directions of the agents in front of them and choose their own actions accordingly.
119 citations
Cites methods from "Fire dynamics simulator technical r..."
...FDS+Evac [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18] is an evacuation module of the fire simulation software Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), version 5 [19, 20, 21, 22, 23]....
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01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: This chapter is organized so that theory and basic effects are considered first, then a compendium of product data is provided, which is arranged in alphabetic order.
Abstract: Calculations of fire behavior in buildings are not possible unless the heat release rate of the fire is known. This chapter on heat release rates provides both theoretical and empirical information. The chapter is organized so that theory and basic effects are considered first, then a compendium of product data is provided, which is arranged in alphabetic order.
116 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on heat and mass transfer, fluid flow, chemical reaction, and other related processes that occur in engineering equipment, the natural environment, and living organisms.
Abstract: This book focuses on heat and mass transfer, fluid flow, chemical reaction, and other related processes that occur in engineering equipment, the natural environment, and living organisms. Using simple algebra and elementary calculus, the author develops numerical methods for predicting these processes mainly based on physical considerations. Through this approach, readers will develop a deeper understanding of the underlying physical aspects of heat transfer and fluid flow as well as improve their ability to analyze and interpret computed results.
21,858 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimate physical properties of pure components and Mixtures and show that the properties of these components and mixtures are similar to those of ideal gases and liquids.
Abstract: Chapter 1: The Estimation of Physical Properties. Chapter 2: Pure Component Constants. Chapter 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Gases. Chapter 4: Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Pure Gases and Liquids. Chapter 5: Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Mixtures. Chapter 6: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Components and Mixtures. Chapter 7: Vapor Pressures and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Pure Fluids. Chapter 8: Fluid Phase Equilibria in Multicomponent Systems. Chapter 9: Viscosity. Chapter 10: Thermal Conductivity. Chapter 11: Diffusion Coefficients. Chapter 12: Surface Tension.
14,380 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an extended period numerical integration of a baroclinic primitive equation model has been made for the simulation and the study of the dynamics of the atmosphere's general circulation, and the solution corresponding to external gravitational propagation is filtered by requiring the vertically integrated divergence to vanish identically.
Abstract: An extended period numerical integration of a baroclinic primitive equation model has been made for the simulation and the study of the dynamics of the atmosphere's general circulation. The solution corresponding to external gravitational propagation is filtered by requiring the vertically integrated divergence to vanish identically. The vertical structure permits as dependent variables the horizontal wind at two internal levels and a single temperature, with the static stability entering as a parameter. The incoming radiation is a function of latitude only corresponding to the annual mean, and the outgoing radiation is taken to be a function of the local temperature. With the requirement for thermal equilibrium, the domain mean temperature is specified as a parameter. The role of condensation is taken into account only as it effectively reduces the static stability. All other external sources and sinks of heat are assumed to balance each other locally, and are thus omitted. The kinematics are th...
12,952 citations
"Fire dynamics simulator technical r..." refers methods in this paper
...27 4.2.1 Constant Coefficient Smagorinsky Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.2.2 Dynamic Smagorinsky Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.2.3 Deardorff’s Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.2.4 Vreman’s Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...1 Constant Coefficient Smagorinsky Model Following the analysis of Smagorinsky [27], the eddy viscosity can be modeled as follows:...
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