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Journal ArticleDOI

Flame heat transfer in storage geometries

01 Jul 1998-Fire Safety Journal (Elsevier)-Vol. 31, Iss: 1, pp 39-60
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present measurements of the heat flux distribution to the surface of four square towers exposed to buoyant turbulent flames, which represent an idealisation of a rack storage configuration at reduced scale.
About: This article is published in Fire Safety Journal.The article was published on 1998-07-01. It has received 39 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Heat flux & Gas burner.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a global Arrhenius equation for soot formation rate has been studied in terms of the mixture fraction, the fuel concentration in the fuel supply stream, the local gas density and the gas temperature.
Abstract: In order to develop soot formation models for fuels in fires, a global Arrhenius equation for soot formation rate has been studied in terms of the mixture fraction, the fuel concentration in the fuel supply stream, the local gas density and the gas temperature. A procedure relying on modelling and experimental data determines the parameters for the soot formation rate by exploiting the physics and results in laminar smoke point flames corresponding to a given fuel. The main advantages of such an approach are its simplicity and applicability to fuels (solids or liquids) in fires as long as their smoke point height is known, whereas most of the previous studies focused on pure hydrocarbons.

38 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a preliminary approach towards commodity classication is presented that models the early stage of large-scale warehouse res by decoupling the problem into separate processes of heat and mass transfer.

30 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of surface flame spread during the growth of a fire and the modeling of different modes of flame spread to improve understanding of their effects on the outcomes of fires.
Abstract: Surface flame spread is a process of a moving flame in the vicinity of a pyrolyzing region on the surface of a solid or liquid that acts as a fuel source. It is distinct from flame propagation in a premixed fuel and oxygen system in that the surface spread of flame occurs as a result of the heating of the surface due to the direct or remote heating by the flame generated from the burning surface. The surface flame spread is very often critical to the destiny of fires in natural and built environments. This spread applies whether the fire is an urban conflagration or is the first growth after ignition of a room’s draperies. This chapter provides fire safety engineers with an overview of surface flame spread during the growth of a fire and the modeling of different modes of flame spread to improve understanding of their effects on the outcomes of fires.

25 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of the cavity width on the flame heights, the fire driven upward flow and the incident heat fluxes to the inner surfaces of the cavities was investigated.
Abstract: The design of buildings using multilayer constructions poses a challenge for fire safety and needs to be understood. Narrow air gaps and cavities are common in many constructions, e.g. ventilated facade systems. In these construction systems flames can enter the cavities and fire can spread on the interior surfaces of the cavities. An experimental program was performed to investigate the influence of the cavity width on the flame heights, the fire driven upward flow and the incident heat fluxes to the inner surfaces of the cavity. The experimental setup consisted of two parallel facing non-combustible plates (0.8 × 1.8 m) and a propane gas burner placed at one of the inner surfaces. The cavity width between the plates ranged from 0.02 m to 0.1 m and the burner heat release rate was varied from 16.5 kW to 40.4 kW per m of the burner length. At least three repeated tests were performed for each scenario. In addition, tests with a single plate were performed. The flame heights did not significantly change for Q′/W < 300 kW/m2 (where Q′ is the heat release rate per unit length of the burner and W is the cavity width). For higher Q′/W ratios flame extensions up to 2.2 times were observed. When the distance between the plates was reduced or the heat release rate was increased, the incident heat fluxes to the inner surface increased along the entire height of the test setup. The results can be used for analysing methodologies for predicting heat transfer and fire spread in narrow air cavities.

25 citations


Cites background from "Flame heat transfer in storage geom..."

  • ...Karlsson et al. [8], Ingason [9], and Ingason and de Ris [10] performed experimental studies on two dimensional and three dimensional rack storage mock-ups....

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  • ...An investigation of heat fluxes to the surface in a two parallel plate configuration and in the middle of four modelled storage racks was done by de Ris and Orloff [14]....

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  • ...[8], Ingason [9], and Ingason and de Ris [10] performed experimental studies on two dimensional and three dimensional rack storage mock-ups....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured flame heights and flame heat flux distributions for a wide range of fuels burning between two parallel panels, and integrated the heat flux distribution to obtain the net total heat transfer to the panels above an arbitrarily specified panel heat loss rate.
Abstract: Flame heights and flame heat-flux distributions are measured for a wide range of fuels burning between two parallel panels. The flame heat flux levels are very sensitive to fuel sootiness. The heat flux distributions are obtained from the transient temperature rise of thermocouples peened into the steel parallel panel sidewalls. The measured flame heights imply an actual heat release rate per unit flame volume, 1110 = ′ ′ ′ q� kW/m 3 , consistent with literature values. This heat release rate per unit volume is independent of fuel type and fire scale. The heat flux distributions are integrated to obtain the net total heat transfer () 0 p Qq ′′ � � to the panels above an arbitrarily specified panel heat loss rate, 0 q� ′ ′ . The integration is performed only over areas for which 0 0 ≥ ′ ′ − ′ ′ q q f � � to obtain the net heat transfer, needed by fire growth models. The results are described by a simple theoretical model that assumes heat transfer occurs only by radiation. The model gives the net heat transfer p

22 citations


Cites background from "Flame heat transfer in storage geom..."

  • ...Previously Ingason and de Ris [3] demonstrated that the flame heat flux is very sensitive to the fuel sootiness for parallel panel geometries....

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