Fluctuations of cambial activity in relation to precipitation result in annual rings and intra-annual growth zones of xylem and phloem in teak (Tectona grandis) in Ivory Coast
TL;DR: In this article, the structural variations of tree rings and their periodicity of formation are known, which can be used to carry carbon sequestration and climate information in the tropics.
About: This article is published in Annals of Botany.The article was published on 2012-09-01 and is currently open access. It has received 45 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Tectona & Vascular cambium.
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TL;DR: Recent advances are summarized and promising paths of investigation are highlighted with respect to growth phenology, forest productivity trends and variability, CO2 fertilization and water-use efficiency, forest disturbances, and comparisons between observational and computational forest productivity estimates.
Abstract: Tree-ring records can provide valuable information to advance our understanding of contemporary terrestrial carbon cycling and to reconstruct key metrics in the decades preceding monitoring data. The growing use of tree rings in carbon-cycle research is being facilitated by increasing recognition of reciprocal benefits among research communities. Yet, basic questions persist regarding what tree rings represent at the ecosystem level, how to optimally integrate them with other data streams, and what related challenges need to be overcome. It is also apparent that considerable unexplored potential exists for tree rings to refine assessments of terrestrial carbon cycling across a range of temporal and spatial domains. Here, we summarize recent advances and highlight promising paths of investigation with respect to (1) growth phenology, (2) forest productivity trends and variability, (3) CO2 fertilization and water-use efficiency, (4) forest disturbances, and (5) comparisons between observational and computational forest productivity estimates. We encourage the integration of tree-ring data: with eddy-covariance measurements to investigate carbon allocation patterns and water-use efficiency; with remotely sensed observations to distinguish the timing of cambial growth and leaf phenology; and with forest inventories to develop continuous, annually-resolved and long-term carbon budgets. In addition, we note the potential of tree-ring records and derivatives thereof to help evaluate the performance of earth system models regarding the simulated magnitude and dynamics of forest carbon uptake, and inform these models about growth responses to (non-)climatic drivers. Such efforts are expected to improve our understanding of forest carbon cycling and place current developments into a long-term perspective.
140 citations
15 Mar 2019
TL;DR: This review aims at synthesizing current knowledge regarding the effects of the main climate change components on the initiation and differentiation of vascular cambium, the transpiration stream, and photosynthesis, and predicts that combined environmental factors will result in increased diameter and density of xylem vessels or tracheids in the absence of water stress.
Abstract: Developmental initiation of plant vascular tissue, including xylem and phloem, from the vascular cambium depends on environmental factors, such as temperature and precipitation. Proper formation of vascular tissue is critical for the transpiration stream, along with photosynthesis as a whole. While effects of individual environmental factors on the transpiration stream are well studied, interactive effects of multiple stress factors are underrepresented. As expected, climate change will result in plants experiencing multiple co-occurring environmental stress factors, which require further studies. Also, the effects of the main climate change components (carbon dioxide, temperature, and drought) on vascular cambium are not well understood. This review aims at synthesizing current knowledge regarding the effects of the main climate change components on the initiation and differentiation of vascular cambium, the transpiration stream, and photosynthesis. We predict that combined environmental factors will result in increased diameter and density of xylem vessels or tracheids in the absence of water stress. However, drought may decrease the density of xylem vessels or tracheids. All interactive combinations are expected to increase vascular cell wall thickness, and therefore increase carbon allocation to these tissues. A comprehensive study of the effects of multiple environmental factors on plant vascular tissue and water regulation should help us understand plant responses to climate change.
68 citations
TL;DR: Temperature is the main driver of cambial activity in temperate trees and trees are able to feel changes in temperature through the stem, so a better understanding of the influence of environmental conditions on wood formation should help to improve the radial growth of trees and to prepare for climate change.
Abstract: A better understanding of the influence of environmental conditions on wood formation should help to improve the radial growth of trees and to prepare for climate change.
The cambial activity of trees is associated with seasonal cycles of activity and dormancy in temperate zones. The timing of cambial reactivation in early spring and dormancy in autumn plays an important role in determination of the cambial growth and the environmental adaptivity of temperate trees. This review focuses on the temperature regulation of the timing of cambial reactivation and xylem differentiation and highlights recent advances of bud growth in relation to cambial activity of temperate trees. In addition, we discuss relationships between the timing of cambial reactivation, start of xylem differentiation and changes in levels of storage materials to identify the source of the energy required for cell division and differentiation. We also present a summary of current understanding of the effects of rapid increases and decreases in temperature on cambial activity, by localized heating and cooling, respectively. Increases in temperature from late winter to early spring influence the physiological processes that are involved in the initiation of cambial reactivation and xylem differentiation both in localized heated stems and under natural conditions. Localized cooling has a direct effect on cell expansion, the thickening of walls of differentiating tracheids, and the rate of division of cambial cells. A rapid decrease in temperature of the stem might be the critical factor in the control of latewood formation and the cessation of cambial activity. Therefore, temperature is the main driver of cambial activity in temperate trees and trees are able to feel changes in temperature through the stem. The climate change might affect wood formation in trees.
57 citations
TL;DR: The findings can be used to refine the carbon allocation component of process-based terrestrial ecosystem models and can contribute to a more detailed estimation of the role of the miombo woodland in the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Abstract: We investigate cambial growth periodicity in Brachystegia spiciformis, a dominant tree species in the seasonally dry miombo woodland of southern Africa. To better understand how the brevi-deciduous (experiencing a short, drought-induced leaf fall period) leaf phenology of this species can be linked to a distinct period of cambial activity, we applied a bi-weekly pinning to six trees in western Zambia over the course of one year. Our results show that the onset and end of cambial growth was synchronous between trees, but was not concurrent with the onset and end of the rainy season. The relatively short (three to four months maximum) cambial growth season corresponded to the core of the rainy season, when 75% of the annual precipitation fell, and to the period when the trees were at full photosynthetic capacity. Tree-ring studies of this species have found a significant relationship between annual tree growth and precipitation, but we did not observe such a correlation at intra-annual resolution in this study. Furthermore, a substantial rainfall event occurring after the end of the cambial growth season did not induce xylem initiation or false ring formation. Low sample replication should be taken into account when interpreting the results of this study, but our findings can be used to refine the carbon allocation component of process-based terrestrial ecosystem models and can thus contribute to a more detailed estimation of the role of the miombo woodland in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Furthermore, we provide a physiological foundation for the use of Brachystegia spiciformis tree-ring records in paleoclimate research.
54 citations
TL;DR: In seedlings of the deciduous ring-porous hardwood Quercus serrata, elevated temperature was a direct trigger for cambial reactivation and differentiation of first vessel elements, but might be important for the continuous formation of wide vessel elements.
42 citations
References
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TL;DR: This poster presents a selection of photographs from around the world taken in the period of May 21 to 29, 1997, as well as some of the more recent photographs taken in China and the United States.
Abstract: Pieter Baas – Leiden, The Netherlands Nadezhda Blokhina – Vladivostok, Russia Tomoyuki Fujii – Ibaraki, Japan Peter Gasson – Kew, UK Dietger Grosser – Munich, Germany Immo Heinz – Munich, Germany Jugo Ilic – South Clayton, Australia Jiang Xiaomei – Beijing, China Regis Miller – Madison, WI, USA Lee Ann Newsom – University Park, PA, USA Shuichi Noshiro – Ibaraki, Japan Hans Georg Richter – Hamburg, Germany Mitsuo Suzuki – Sendai, Japan Teresa Terrazas – Montecillo, Mexico Elisabeth Wheeler – Raleigh, NC, USA Alex Wiedenhoeft – Madison, WI, USA
1,308 citations
TL;DR: The more drought-tolerant the plant, the more negative the xylem pressure can become without cavitation, and the greater the internal load on thexylem conduit walls, and Dt was correlated with cavitation resistance.
Abstract: Wood density (Dt), an excellent predictor of mechanical properties, is typically viewed in relation to support against gravity, wind, snow, and other environ- mental forces. In contrast, we show the surprising extent to which variation in D t and wood structure is linked to support against implosion by negative pressure in the xy- lem pipeline. The more drought-tolerant the plant, the more negative the xylem pressure can become without cavitation, and the greater the internal load on the xylem conduit walls. Accordingly, Dt was correlated with cavi- tation resistance. This trend was consistent with the maintenance of a safety factor from implosion by nega- tive pressure: conduit wall span ( b) and thickness (t) scaled so that (t/b) 2 was proportional to cavitation resis- tance as required to avoid wall collapse. Unexpectedly, trends in Dt may be as much or more related to support of the xylem pipeline as to support of the plant.
1,267 citations
TL;DR: Wood is the most important natural and endlessly renewable source of energy and therefore has a major future role as an environmentally cost-effective alternative to burning fossils fuels.
Abstract: Among the ecosystem services provided by forests, wood provisioning takes a central position. Wood and derived products have played a critical role in the evolution of human kind and demand for raw material is increasing in a foreseeable future. Wood is used for energy production, construction and a wide variety of products for which different properties are required. Anatomical, chemical and physical properties of wood are determined through a complex process called xylogenesis controlled by internal and external signals and occurring during the life of the tree. In this chapter we describe i/how wood is formed and ii/the different factors controlling this developmental process with emphasis on the molecular machinery involved, iii/the functions of wood and iv/the biotechnology approaches developed to improve wood biomass production and properties genetically.
678 citations
Book•
27 Dec 2011
TL;DR: The vascular cambium consists of two cell types, fusiform and ray cell initials and these cells divide both anticlinally and periclinally, and the manifold consequences of these two modes of cambial cell division are thoroughly explored and analyzed.
Abstract: The increase in girth and diameter of woody dicotyledonous plants is due to secondary vascular tissues produced by the vascular cambium, a pervasive meristem that is present in almost every plant part that persists for more than one year. Consequently, knowledge of the structure and function of the vascula cambium is fundamental to understanding the growth and development of woody plants. The book begins with an historical account of events leading to present understanding of the cellular tissues comprising the vascular cambium. Subsequent chapters discuss specific characteristics of the cambium with special emphasis on modes of cell division and the products of these divisions. The vascular cambium consists of two cell types, fusiform and ray cell initials and these cells divide both anticlinally and periclinally. The manifold consequences of these two modes of cambial cell division are thoroughly explored and analyzed in this detailed and well illustrated text.
554 citations