Fluorescent carbon dots and their sensing applications
TL;DR: In this article, a review article mainly focuses on the development of CDs based fluorescent sensors in recent 5 years, and a broad range of analytes including cations, anions, small molecules, macromolecules, cells and bacteria are discussed.
Abstract: Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) are a new class of carbon nanomaterials and have demonstrated excellent optical properties, good biocompatibility, great aqueous solubility, low cost, simple synthesis, etc. Since their discovery, various synthesis methods using different precursors have been developed, and are mainly classified as top-down and bottom-up approaches. For the mechanistic origin of CDs photoluminescence, three mechanisms have been proposed such as quantum confinement effect, surface state and molecule state. CDs have presented many applications, and this review article mainly focuses on the development of CDs based fluorescent sensors in recent 5 years. The sensing mechanisms, senor design and sensing properties to various targets are summarized. A broad range of analytes including cations, anions, small molecules, macromolecules, cells and bacteria have been discussed. In addition, the challenges and future directions for CDs as sensing materials are also presented.
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TL;DR: The present review for the first time introduces the state of the art in the progress of the IFE-based fluorescent sensing systems, including sensing strategy, essential conditions, materials option, and their applications for the detection of various target analytes, e.g., ionic species, small molecules, and macromolecules.
403 citations
TL;DR: The primary advances of CQDs in the synthetic methods, excellent physical and electronic properties, and application in electrocatalysis, including oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reduction (HER), and CO2 reduction Reaction (CO2RR).
Abstract: Luminescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) represent a new form of nanocarbon materials which have gained widespread attention in recent years, especially in chemical sensor, bioimaging, nanomedicine, solar cells, light-emitting diode (LED), and electrocatalysis. CQDs can be prepared simply and inexpensively by multiple techniques, such as the arc-discharge method, microwave pyrolysis, hydrothermal method, and electrochemical synthesis. CQDs show excellent physical and chemical properties like high crystallization, good dispersibility, photoluminescence properties. In particular, the small size, superconductivity, and rapid electron transfer of CQDs endow the CQDs-based composite with improved electric conductivity and catalytic activity. Besides, CQDs have abundant functional groups on the surface which could facilitate the preparation of multi-component electrical active catalysts. The interactions inside these multi-component catalysts may further enhance the catalytic performance by promoting charge transfer which plays an important role in electrochemistry. Most recent researches on CQDs have focused on their fluorescence characteristics and photocatalytic properties. This review will summarize the primary advances of CQDs in the synthetic methods, excellent physical and electronic properties, and application in electrocatalysis, including oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reduction (HER), and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR).
308 citations
Cites background from "Fluorescent carbon dots and their s..."
...Since its discovery by researchers in 2004 first (Xu et al., 2004), it has been widely concerned by researchers in many fields such as biology, chemical sensing, nanomedicine and photoelectrocatalysis (Yuan et al., 2016, 2019; Sun and Lei, 2017)....
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TL;DR: The ability of the family of carbon nanomaterial-based scaffolds and their critical role in bone tissue engineering research are discussed in this paper, where the significant stimulating effects on cell growth, low cytotoxicity, efficient nutrient delivery in the scaffold microenvironment, suitable functionalized chemical structures to facilitate cell-cell communication, and improvement in cell spreading are the main advantages of carbon Nanomaterials for bone tissue Engineering.
240 citations
Cites background from "Fluorescent carbon dots and their s..."
...Other applications have involved optoelectronics [144], biosensing [145], bioimaging [146], medicinal [147] and catalysis [148]....
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TL;DR: Carbon dots, an emerging class within the carbon allotrope family, have gained significant attention largely due to their versatile and tunable physico-chemical and optical properties.
Abstract: Carbon dots, an emerging class within the carbon allotrope family, have gained significant attention largely due to their versatile and tunable physico-chemical and optical properties. These quasi-spherical carbon nanomaterials, less than 10 nm in size, can be prepared using numerous synthesis strategies resulting in unique properties that can be exploited for a myriad of applications. This review examines the bottom-up synthesis of these dots with a focus on their microwave-assisted synthesis, which can be used to prepare hydrophilic, hydrophobic or even amphiphilic carbon dots. It also investigates their application to multiple fields including sensing, bioimaging, solar cells and catalysis. Finally, a discussion of the challenges and perspectives are provided.
221 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the most recent efforts in the development of CDs with intensive emission at a long wavelength, with a focus on the regulation methods for the optical properties of CDs, including particle size, surface state, and heteroatom doping.
196 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: This book describes the fundamental aspects of fluorescence, the biochemical applications of this methodology, and the instrumentation used in fluorescence spectroscopy.
Abstract: Fluorescence methods are being used increasingly in biochemical, medical, and chemical research. This is because of the inherent sensitivity of this technique. and the favorable time scale of the phenomenon of fluorescence. 8 Fluorescence emission occurs about 10- sec (10 nsec) after light absorp tion. During this period of time a wide range of molecular processes can occur, and these can effect the spectral characteristics of the fluorescent compound. This combination of sensitivity and a favorable time scale allows fluorescence methods to be generally useful for studies of proteins and membranes and their interactions with other macromolecules. This book describes the fundamental aspects of fluorescence. and the biochemical applications of this methodology. Each chapter starts with the -theoreticalbasis of each phenomenon of fluorescence, followed by examples which illustrate the use of the phenomenon in the study of biochemical problems. The book contains numerous figures. It is felt that such graphical presentations contribute to pleasurable reading and increased understand ing. Separate chapters are devoted to fluorescence polarization, lifetimes, quenching, energy transfer, solvent effects, and excited state reactions. To enhance the usefulness of this work as a textbook, problems are included which illustrate the concepts described in each chapter. Furthermore, a separate chapter is devoted to the instrumentation used in fluorescence spectroscopy. This chapter will be especially valuable for those perform ing or contemplating fluorescence measurements. Such measurements are easily compromised by failure to consider a number of simple principles."
28,073 citations
TL;DR: This Review summarize recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of C-dots and speculate on their future and discuss potential developments for their use in energy conversion/storage, bioimaging, drug delivery, sensors, diagnostics, and composites.
Abstract: Similar to its popular older cousins the fullerene, the carbon nanotube, and graphene, the latest form of nanocarbon, the carbon nanodot, is inspiring intensive research efforts in its own right. These surface-passivated carbonaceous quantum dots, so-called C-dots, combine several favorable attributes of traditional semiconductor-based quantum dots (namely, size- and wavelength-dependent luminescence emission, resistance to photobleaching, ease of bioconjugation) without incurring the burden of intrinsic toxicity or elemental scarcity and without the need for stringent, intricate, tedious, costly, or inefficient preparation steps. C-dots can be produced inexpensively and on a large scale (frequently using a one-step pathway and potentially from biomass waste-derived sources) by many approaches, ranging from simple candle burning to in situ dehydration reactions to laser ablation methods. In this Review, we summarize recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of C-dots. We also speculate on their future and discuss potential developments for their use in energy conversion/storage, bioimaging, drug delivery, sensors, diagnostics, and composites.
3,991 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that nanoscale carbon particles (carbon dots) upon simple surface passivation are strongly photoluminescent in both solution and the solid state.
Abstract: We report that nanoscale carbon particles (carbon dots) upon simple surface passivation are strongly photoluminescent in both solution and the solid state. The luminescence emission of the carbon dots is stable against photobleaching, and there is no blinking effect. These strongly emissive carbon dots may find applications similar to or beyond those of their widely pursued silicon counterparts.
3,817 citations
TL;DR: The progress in the research and development of CQDs is reviewed with an emphasis on their synthesis, functionalization and technical applications along with some discussion on challenges and perspectives in this exciting and promising field.
Abstract: Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles or carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new class of carbon nanomaterials that have emerged recently and have garnered much interest as potential competitors to conventional semiconductor quantum dots. In addition to their comparable optical properties, CQDs have the desired advantages of low toxicity, environmental friendliness low cost and simple synthetic routes. Moreover, surface passivation and functionalization of CQDs allow for the control of their physicochemical properties. Since their discovery, CQDs have found many applications in the fields of chemical sensing, biosensing, bioimaging, nanomedicine, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. This article reviews the progress in the research and development of CQDs with an emphasis on their synthesis, functionalization and technical applications along with some discussion on challenges and perspectives in this exciting and promising field.
3,514 citations
TL;DR: Arc-synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes have been purified through preparative electrophoresis in agarose gel and glass bead matrixes and promise to be interesting nanomaterials in their own right.
Abstract: Arc-synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes have been purified through preparative electrophoresis in agarose gel and glass bead matrixes. Two major impurities were isolated: fluorescent carbon and short tubular carbon. Analysis of these two classes of impurities was done. The methods described may be readily extended to the separation of other water-soluble nanoparticles. The separated fluorescent carbon and short tubule carbon species promise to be interesting nanomaterials in their own right.
3,357 citations