Fluoride and environmental health: a review
01 Mar 2009-Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio\/technology (Springer Netherlands)-Vol. 8, Iss: 1, pp 59-79
TL;DR: Although much is known about the occurrence and health effects of fluoride, problems persist in Third World countries, where populations have little choice in the source of their drinking water and food, even in developed nations, fluoride ingestion can exceed the recommended dose when sources other than drinking water are ignored.
Abstract: The relationship between environmental fluoride and human health has been studied for over 100 years by researchers from a wide variety of disciplines. Most scientists believe that small amounts of fluoride in the diet can help prevent dental caries and strengthen bones, but there are a number of adverse affects that chronic ingestion at high doses can have on human health, including dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, increased rates of bone fractures, decreased birth rates, increased rates of urolithiasis (kidney stones), impaired thyroid function, and lower intelligence in children. Chronic occupational exposure to fluoride dust and gas is associated with higher rates of bladder cancer and variety of respiratory ailments. Acute fluoride toxicity and even death from the ingestion of sodium fluoride pesticides and dental products have also been reported. The distribution of fluoride in the natural environment is very uneven, largely a result of the geochemical behavior of this element. Fluorine is preferentially enriched in highly evolved magmas and hydrothermal solutions, which explains why high concentrations are often found in syenites, granitoid plutonic rocks, alkaline volcanic, and hydrothermal deposits. Fluoride can also occur in sedimentary formations that contain fluoride-bearing minerals derived from the parent rock, fluoride-rich clays, or fluorapatite. Dissolved fluoride levels are usually controlled by the solubility of fluorite (CaF2); thus, high concentrations are often associated with soft, alkaline, and calcium-deficient waters. Although much is known about the occurrence and health effects of fluoride, problems persist in Third World countries, where populations have little choice in the source of their drinking water and food. However, even in developed nations, fluoride ingestion can exceed the recommended dose when sources other than drinking water are ignored.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive summary and critical analysis of previous NF and RO applications on fluoride and uranium removal is presented and the influence of operating conditions, water quality, solute–solute interactions, membrane characteristics and membrane fouling on Fluoride and uranium retention is critically reviewed.
232 citations
TL;DR: This review highlights recent applications of μPADs for environmental analysis along with technical advances that may enable μPads to be more widely implemented in field testing.
Abstract: The field of paper-based microfluidics has experienced rapid growth over the past decade. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), originally developed for point-of-care medical diagnostics in resource-limited settings, are now being applied in new areas, such as environmental analyses. Low-cost paper sensors show great promise for on-site environmental analysis; the theme of ongoing research complements existing instrumental techniques by providing high spatial and temporal resolution for environmental monitoring. This review highlights recent applications of μPADs for environmental analysis along with technical advances that may enable μPADs to be more widely implemented in field testing.
232 citations
TL;DR: In this article, 105 groundwater samples were collected in rock-dominant semi-arid (RD) regions of the world, and they were used to study the impact of high contaminated groundwater on human health and constrain the economic development of a country.
Abstract: Highly contaminated groundwater can affect the human health and constrain the economic development of a country. For this study 105 groundwater samples were collected in rock-dominant semi-arid (RD...
209 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the concentrations of most physiochemical parameters from phreatic water, influenced by intensive evaporation and anthropogenic activities such as unregulated sewage and excreta disposal and agricultural practices in the area, are higher than those of confined water.
Abstract: Fluoride (F−) has significant impacts on human health. High fluoride groundwater (up to 1.90 mg/L) has been found in upper confined aquifer underlying the first terrace of Weihe River during a hydrogeological investigation for water supply in 2005. To reveal the occurrence and hydrogeochemistry of high F− groundwater, hydrogeochemical tools such as saturation index, ionic ratios and correlation analysis were used in this study. The study shows that the concentrations of most physiochemical parameters from phreatic water, influenced by intensive evaporation and anthropogenic activities such as unregulated sewage and excreta disposal and agricultural practices in the area, are higher than those of confined water. The F− concentration in phreatic water is within the acceptable limits set by China and the World Health Organization (WHO), while that of upper confined water shows a decreasing trend northwestward as the Weihe River approaches, with F− concentration in the first terrace beyond the national and the WHO standards. High F− groundwater is observed in alkaline environment associated with high Na+, pH, HCO3
− and low Ca2+ and Mg2+. The enrichment of F− is controlled by geologic and hydrogeological conditions, fluorine-bearing minerals presented in alluvial formations and their dissolution/precipitation under the alkaline environment along groundwater flow. Ion exchange, human activities and the mixing of different recharge waters may influence the enrichment of F− as well.
186 citations
TL;DR: Potentiometric titrations showed that the modified activated carbon (ZrOx-AC) possesses positive charge at pH lower than 7, and FTIR analysis demonstrated that zirconium ions interact mainly with carboxylic groups on the activated carbon surfaces.
Abstract: When activated carbon (AC) is modified with zirconium(IV) by impregnation or precipitation, the fluoride adsorption capacity is typically improved. There is significant potential to improve these hybrid sorbents by controlling the impregnation conditions, which determine the assembly and dispersion of the Zr phases on carbon surfaces. Here, commercial activated carbon was modified with Zr(IV) together with oxalic acid (OA) used to maximize the zirconium dispersion and enhance fluoride adsorption. Adsorption experiments were carried out at pH 7 and 25 °C with a fluoride concentration of 40 mg L–1. The OA/Zr ratio was varied to determine the optimal conditions for subsequent fluoride adsorption. The data was analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. FTIR, XPS, and the surface charge distribution were performed to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Potentiometric titrations showed that the modified activated carbon (ZrOx-AC) possesses positive charge at pH lower than 7, and FTIR analysis d...
184 citations
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Abstract: Chapter 1 The Biosphere Chapter 2 The Anthroposphere Introduction Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil Plants Chapter 3 Soils and Soil Processes Introduction Weathering Processes Pedogenic Processes Chapter 4 Soil Constituents Introduction Trace Elements Minerals Organic Matter Organisms in Soils Chapter 5 Trace Elements in Plants Introduction Absorption Translocation Availability Essentiality and Deficiency Toxicity and Tolerance Speciation Interaction Chapter 6 Elements of Group 1 (Previously Group Ia) Introduction Lithium Rubidium Cesium Chapter 7 Elements of Group 2 (Previously Group IIa) Beryllium Strontium Barium Radium Chapter 8 Elements of Group 3 (Previously Group IIIb) Scandium Yttrium Lanthanides Actinides Chapter 9 Elements of Group 4 (Previously Group IVb) Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Chapter 10 Elements of Group 5 (Previously Group Vb) Vanadium Niobium Tantalum Chapter 11 Elements of Group 6 (Previously Group VIb) Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten Chapter 12 Elements of Group 7 (Previously Group VIIb) Manganese Technetium Rhenium Chapter 13 Elements of Group 8 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Iron Ruthenium Osmium Chapter 14 Elements of Group 9 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Cobalt Rhodium Iridium Chapter 15 Elements of Group 10 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Nickel Palladium Platinum Chapter 16 Elements of Group 11 (Previously Group Ib) Copper Silver Gold Chapter 17 Trace Elements of Group 12 (Previously of Group IIb) Zinc Cadmium Mercury Chapter 18 Elements of Group 13 (Previously Group IIIa) Boron Aluminum Gallium Indium Thallium Chapter 19 Elements of Group I4 (Previously Group IVa) Silicon Germanium Tin Lead Chapter 20 Elements of Group 15 (Previously Group Va) Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Chapter 21 Elements of Group 16 (Previously Group VIa) Selenium Tellurium Polonium Chapter 22 Elements of Group 17 (Previously Group VIIa) Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine
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6,271 citations
Book•
12 May 2011
TL;DR: Williams textbook of endocrinology / , Williams textbooks of endocrineology /, کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی اهواز
Abstract: Williams textbook of endocrinology , Williams textbook of endocrinology , کتابخانه الکترونیک و دیجیتال - آذرسا
3,599 citations
TL;DR: In this article, groundwater from Quaternary loess aquifers in northern La Pampa Province of central Argentina have significant quality problems due to high concentrations of potentially harmful elements such as As, F, NO3-N, B, Mo, Se and U. The extent of the problems is not well defined, but is believed to cover large parts of the Argentine Chaco-Pampean Plain, over an area of perhaps 106 km2.
562 citations
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01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, the chemistry of geothermal fluids is described in detail, and the reasons for the various fluid compositions are interpreted through the chemical and mineralogical reactions that occur in the geothermal systems.
Abstract: With the threat of depletion of conventional sources of energy there has been increased interest in harnessing geothermal energy for mans use in many countries. However, there are comparatively few people with wide experience in the science and technology of developing this new energy resource. Geothermal training programs are therefore being organized by many governments, universities, and industries, and there is a need for literature that summarizes the current state of knowledge in various facets of the work. We have drawn upon our background as geochemists with experience in many New Zealand and overseas geothermal areas, to provide information on the theories and methods used in the geochemical aspects of geothermal work. We also describe and seek to place in context the contributions from other sciences in a geothermal development program and provide, as a background, descriptions of the nature and occurrence of geothermal areas. While aimed at geothermal specialist training, the book may also provide useful material in graduate earth science courses, as well as be of general interest to geologists, geophysicists, chemists, and chemical engineers. The first two chapters review the extent of geothermal development throughout the world and outline the geological and hydrological features of geothermal areas. With this introduction, the chemistry of geothermal fluids is then described in detail, and the reasons for the various fluid compositions are interpreted through the chemical and mineralogical reactions that occur in the geothermal systems. A brief description of the physical and chemical nature of high-temperature water solutions follows to aid this understanding. Procedures of geochemical field and laboratory work are considered in detail in Chapters 5 and 6 with particular reference to New Zealand experiences. The basic information, theory, and data required for the chemical work are provided. The approach is practical with many examples. Recomended sequences are given for the geological, geophysical, and geochemical work required in investigating a new geothermal area. Chapter 7 gives examples of the calculations necessary to interpret geochemical results, and methods of storing, retrieving, and interpreting data. The use of chemistry to monitor changes in a geothermal fields is described.
557 citations