Fog in Comparison to Cloud: A Survey
18 Jul 2015-International Journal of Computer Applications (Foundation of Computer Science (FCS))-Vol. 122, Iss: 3, pp 10-12
TL;DR: This survey paper discusses main characteristics of the Fog, explores the advantages and motivation of Fog computing, and analyze its applications for IOT.
Abstract: Fog computing is new buzz word in computing world after cloud computing. This new computing paradigm could be seen as an extension to cloud computing. Main aim of fog computing is to reduce the burden on cloud by gathering workloads, services, applications and huge data to near network edge. In this survey paper, we will discuss main characteristics of the Fog that are; 1.Mobility, 2.Location awareness, 3.Low latency, 4.Huge number of nodes, 5. Extensive geographical distribution, 6.Various real time applications and we explore the advantages and motivation of Fog computing, and analyze its applications for IOT.
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TL;DR: This survey starts by providing an overview and fundamental of fog computing architecture, and provides an extensive overview of state-of-the-art network applications and major research aspects to design these networks.
Abstract: Fog computing is an emerging paradigm that extends computation, communication, and storage facilities toward the edge of a network. Compared to traditional cloud computing, fog computing can support delay-sensitive service requests from end-users (EUs) with reduced energy consumption and low traffic congestion. Basically, fog networks are viewed as offloading to core computation and storage. Fog nodes in fog computing decide to either process the services using its available resource or send to the cloud server. Thus, fog computing helps to achieve efficient resource utilization and higher performance regarding the delay, bandwidth, and energy consumption. This survey starts by providing an overview and fundamental of fog computing architecture. Furthermore, service and resource allocation approaches are summarized to address several critical issues such as latency, and bandwidth, and energy consumption in fog computing. Afterward, compared to other surveys, this paper provides an extensive overview of state-of-the-art network applications and major research aspects to design these networks. In addition, this paper highlights ongoing research effort, open challenges, and research trends in fog computing.
475 citations
Cites background from "Fog in Comparison to Cloud: A Surve..."
...For example, a brief overview of fog computing as an extension of cloud computing is discussed in [38]....
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08 Apr 2018
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art of fog computing and its integration with the IoT is presented by highlighting the benefits and implementation challenges and the architecture of the fog and emerging IoT applications that will be improved by using the fog model are focused on.
Abstract: With the rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the classic centralized cloud computing paradigm faces several challenges such as high latency, low capacity and network failure. To address these challenges, fog computing brings the cloud closer to IoT devices. The fog provides IoT data processing and storage locally at IoT devices instead of sending them to the cloud. In contrast to the cloud, the fog provides services with faster response and greater quality. Therefore, fog computing may be considered the best choice to enable the IoT to provide efficient and secure services for many IoT users. This paper presents the state-of-the-art of fog computing and its integration with the IoT by highlighting the benefits and implementation challenges. This review will also focus on the architecture of the fog and emerging IoT applications that will be improved by using the fog model. Finally, open issues and future research directions regarding fog computing and the IoT are discussed.
410 citations
Cites background from "Fog in Comparison to Cloud: A Surve..."
...Kumar [32] have provided a survey of fog computing compared to cloud computing....
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...Kumar [32] 2015 Provide an overview of fog computing as an extension of cloud computing...
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TL;DR: It is pointed out that the integration of the FC and IoE paradigms may give rise to opportunities for new applications in the realms of the IoE, Smart City, Industry 4.0, and Big Data Streaming while introducing new open issues.
Abstract: Fog computing (FC) and Internet of Everything (IoE) are two emerging technological paradigms that, to date, have been considered standing-alone. However, because of their complementary features, we expect that their integration can foster a number of computing and network-intensive pervasive applications under the incoming realm of the future Internet. Motivated by this consideration, the goal of this position paper is fivefold. First, we review the technological attributes and platforms proposed in the current literature for the standing-alone FC and IoE paradigms. Second, by leveraging some use cases as illustrative examples, we point out that the integration of the FC and IoE paradigms may give rise to opportunities for new applications in the realms of the IoE, Smart City, Industry 4.0, and Big Data Streaming, while introducing new open issues. Third, we propose a novel technological paradigm, the Fog of Everything (FoE) paradigm, that integrates FC and IoE and then we detail the main building blocks and services of the corresponding technological platform and protocol stack. Fourth, as a proof-of-concept, we present the simulated energy-delay performance of a small-scale FoE prototype, namely, the V-FoE prototype. Afterward, we compare the obtained performance with the corresponding one of a benchmark technological platform, e.g., the V-D2D one. It exploits only device-to-device links to establish inter-thing “ad hoc” communication. Last, we point out the position of the proposed FoE paradigm over a spectrum of seemingly related recent research projects.
267 citations
Cites background from "Fog in Comparison to Cloud: A Surve..."
...However, due to the multi-hop nature of the Internet backbone and the short-range capability of the network technologies currently envisioned for the support of inter-device communication [25], [26], guaranteeing reliable network connections is a challenging task in the envisioned IoE realm [27], [28]....
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01 Dec 2017
TL;DR: The impact of security issues and possible solutions are determined, providing future security-relevant directions to those responsible for designing, developing, and maintaining Fog systems.
Abstract: Fog computing is a new paradigm that extends the Cloud platform model by providing computing resources on the edges of a network. It can be described as a cloud-like platform having similar data, computation, storage and application services, but is fundamentally different in that it is decentralized. In addition, Fog systems are capable of processing large amounts of data locally, operate on-premise, are fully portable, and can be installed on heterogeneous hardware. These features make the Fog platform highly suitable for time and location-sensitive applications. For example, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are required to quickly process a large amount of data. This wide range of functionality driven applications intensifies many security issues regarding data, virtualization, segregation, network, malware and monitoring. This paper surveys existing literature on Fog computing applications to identify common security gaps. Similar technologies like Edge computing, Cloudlets and Micro-data centres have also been included to provide a holistic review process. The majority of Fog applications are motivated by the desire for functionality and end-user requirements, while the security aspects are often ignored or considered as an afterthought. This paper also determines the impact of those security issues and possible solutions, providing future security-relevant directions to those responsible for designing, developing, and maintaining Fog systems.
267 citations
TL;DR: A conceptual smart pre-copy live migration approach is presented for VM migration that can estimate the downtime after each iteration to determine whether to proceed to the stop-and-copy stage during a system failure or an attack on a fog computing node.
Abstract: Fog computing, an extension of cloud computing services to the edge of the network to decrease latency and network congestion, is a relatively recent research trend. Although both cloud and fog offer similar resources and services, the latter is characterized by low latency with a wider spread and geographically distributed nodes to support mobility and real-time interaction. In this paper, we describe the fog computing architecture and review its different services and applications. We then discuss security and privacy issues in fog computing, focusing on service and resource availability. Virtualization is a vital technology in both fog and cloud computing that enables virtual machines (VMs) to coexist in a physical server (host) to share resources. These VMs could be subject to malicious attacks or the physical server hosting it could experience system failure, both of which result in unavailability of services and resources. Therefore, a conceptual smart pre-copy live migration approach is presented for VM migration. Using this approach, we can estimate the downtime after each iteration to determine whether to proceed to the stop-and-copy stage during a system failure or an attack on a fog computing node. This will minimize both the downtime and the migration time to guarantee resource and service availability to the end users of fog computing. Last, future research directions are outlined.
257 citations
Cites background from "Fog in Comparison to Cloud: A Surve..."
...Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.02752 [20] K. P. Saharan and A. Kumar, ‘‘Fog in comparison to cloud: A survey,’’ Int....
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...Saharan and Kumar [20] identified four areas of fog computing’s application, namely: wireless and actuator networks, smart grid, smart traffic lights and connected vehicles, and IoT....
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References
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17 Aug 2012
TL;DR: This paper argues that the above characteristics make the Fog the appropriate platform for a number of critical Internet of Things services and applications, namely, Connected Vehicle, Smart Grid, Smart Cities, and, in general, Wireless Sensors and Actuators Networks (WSANs).
Abstract: Fog Computing extends the Cloud Computing paradigm to the edge of the network, thus enabling a new breed of applications and services. Defining characteristics of the Fog are: a) Low latency and location awareness; b) Wide-spread geographical distribution; c) Mobility; d) Very large number of nodes, e) Predominant role of wireless access, f) Strong presence of streaming and real time applications, g) Heterogeneity. In this paper we argue that the above characteristics make the Fog the appropriate platform for a number of critical Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications, namely, Connected Vehicle, Smart Grid, Smart Cities, and, in general, Wireless Sensors and Actuators Networks (WSANs).
4,440 citations
23 Oct 2014
TL;DR: The motivation and advantages of Fog computing are elaborated, and its applications in a series of real scenarios, such as Smart Grid, smart traffic lights in vehicular networks and software defined networks are analysed.
Abstract: Fog Computing is a paradigm that extends Cloud computing and services to the edge of the network Similar to Cloud, Fog provides data, compute, storage, and application services to end-users In this article, we elaborate the motivation and advantages of Fog computing, and analyse its applications in a series of real scenarios, such as Smart Grid, smart traffic lights in vehicular networks and software defined networks We discuss the state-of-the-art of Fog computing and similar work under the same umbrella Security and privacy issues are further disclosed according to current Fog computing paradigm As an example, we study a typical attack, man-in-the-middle attack, for the discussion of security in Fog computing We investigate the stealthy features of this attack by examining its CPU and memory consumption on Fog device
915 citations
"Fog in Comparison to Cloud: A Surve..." refers background in this paper
...In future Edge concept in fog will give new opportunities and solutions to network operators and end users....
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...Figure: 1 Cloud and Fog comparison on Edge [3]...
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...Based on availability[3], energy demand and the lowest price, these kind of devices without human intervention switch to alternative energies like wind and solar....
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...For this, in this scenario, actuators allocated as Fog devices can control the measurement process itself, oscillatory behaviors and the stability by creating a closed-loop system.[3]...
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16 Aug 2013
TL;DR: This work presents Mobile Fog, a high level programming model for the future Internet applications that are geospatially distributed, large-scale, and latency-sensitive, and analyzes use cases for the programming model with camera network and connected vehicle applications to show the efficacy of Mobile Fog.
Abstract: The ubiquitous deployment of mobile and sensor devices is creating a new environment, namely the Internet of Things(IoT), that enables a wide range of future Internet applications. In this work, we present Mobile Fog, a high level programming model for the future Internet applications that are geospatially distributed, large-scale, and latency-sensitive. We analyze use cases for the programming model with camera network and connected vehicle applications to show the efficacy of Mobile Fog. We also evaluate application performance through simulation.
521 citations
07 Jul 2013
TL;DR: The Fog computing paradigm as a non-trivial extension of the Cloud is considered and the reliability of the networks of smart devices are discussed, showing that designing a reliable Fog computing platform is feasible.
Abstract: This paper considers current paradigms in computing and outlines the most important aspects concerning their reliability. The Fog computing paradigm as a non-trivial extension of the Cloud is considered and the reliability of the networks of smart devices are discussed. Combining the reliability requirements of grid and cloud paradigms with the reliability requirements of networks of sensor and actuators it follows that designing a reliable Fog computing platform is feasible.
186 citations
08 Oct 2014
TL;DR: The authors take an in depth look at both these technologies to investigate fog computing can reliably overcome the limitations of cloud computing and effectively replace it and become the de facto cloud computing model of the future.
Abstract: Cloud computing is the newest computing paradigm that makes computing resources available over the Internet on a utility costing basis. Cloud computing offers many advantages to users in terms of reduced cost, elimination of system administrative functions, increased flexibility, better reliability and location independence. Though these are definite advantages, cloud computing also suffers from certain limitations. These limitations arise from the very same reason that is considered an advantage too. Hosting of cloud data centres in the Internet creates large and unpredictable network latencies and undefined security issues as sensitive data is now entrusted to a third party. Also location independence of processing in cloud computing may also not desirable for certain types of networks such as sensor networks and Internet of Things. These services are known as location aware services and require location dependent fast processing. In order to overcome these limitations, researchers have proposed a new cloud computing model called fog computing where the cloud system is located either at the edge of the private network or very close to it. In this paper, the authors take an in depth look at both these technologies to investigate fog computing can reliably overcome the limitations of cloud computing and effectively replace it and become the de facto cloud computing model of the future.
97 citations