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Journal ArticleDOI

Forest fires and deforestation in the central Amazon: Effects of landscape and climate on spatial and temporal dynamics.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors assessed the potential drivers of deforestation and forest fires in the central Brazilian Amazon and show that over a period of 31 years (1985-2015) forest fires occurred only in years of extreme drought induced by El Nino (1997, 2009 and 2015).
About: This article is published in Journal of Environmental Management.The article was published on 2021-06-15. It has received 27 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Deforestation & Amazon rainforest.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors in this article used 18 years of numerous meteorological, biophysical and fire variables, aiming to understand the vegetation dynamics of the World Wide Fund for Nature biomes in the past, present and future (2021-2040) as a potential tool for land and resource management natures of South America.

10 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated some critical economic issues related to deforestation in Brazil's rainforest, covering more than four decades of data and concluded that the rate of ecological footprints surpassed the nation's biocapacity indicator, causing an increase in the total carbon emissions level.

9 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors evaluated some critical economic issues related to deforestation in Brazil's Amazon rainforest, covering more than four decades of data, and concluded that the rate of ecological footprints surpassed the nation's biocapacity indicator, causing an increase in the total carbon emissions level.

9 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors analyzed the effects of deforestation and fires in the Amazon biome from 2001 to 2020, considering their impacts on rainfall variability and LST, and found that deforested areas have been increasing in recent decades, and the precipitation decreased, while an increase is observed in the LST.

8 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A general statistical methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data arising from observer reliability studies is presented and tests for interobserver bias are presented in terms of first-order marginal homogeneity and measures of interob server agreement are developed as generalized kappa-type statistics.
Abstract: This paper presents a general statistical methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data arising from observer reliability studies. The procedure essentially involves the construction of functions of the observed proportions which are directed at the extent to which the observers agree among themselves and the construction of test statistics for hypotheses involving these functions. Tests for interobserver bias are presented in terms of first-order marginal homogeneity and measures of interobserver agreement are developed as generalized kappa-type statistics. These procedures are illustrated with a clinical diagnosis example from the epidemiological literature.

64,109 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article showed that a doubling in the occurrence of such extreme episodes is caused by increased surface warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, which results in the atmospheric conditions required for these event to occur.
Abstract: Extreme El Nino events cause global disruption of weather patterns and affect ecosystems and agriculture through changes in rainfall. Model projections show that a doubling in the occurrence of such extreme episodes is caused by increased surface warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, which results in the atmospheric conditions required for these event to occur.

1,672 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
06 Mar 2009-Science
TL;DR: Records from multiple long-term monitoring plots across Amazonia are used to assess forest responses to the intense 2005 drought, a possible analog of future events that may accelerate climate change through carbon losses and changed surface energy balances.
Abstract: Amazon forests are a key but poorly understood component of the global carbon cycle. If, as anticipated, they dry this century, they might accelerate climate change through carbon losses and changed surface energy balances. We used records from multiple long-term monitoring plots across Amazonia to assess forest responses to the intense 2005 drought, a possible analog of future events. Affected forest lost biomass, reversing a large long-term carbon sink, with the greatest impacts observed where the dry season was unusually intense. Relative to pre-2005 conditions, forest subjected to a 100-millimeter increase in water deficit lost 5.3 megagrams of aboveground biomass of carbon per hectare. The drought had a total biomass carbon impact of 1.2 to 1.6 petagrams (1.2 × 1015 to 1.6 × 1015 grams). Amazon forests therefore appear vulnerable to increasing moisture stress, with the potential for large carbon losses to exert feedback on climate change.

1,545 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An ambient-driven actuator that takes advantage of inherent nanoscale molecular channels within a commercial perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer (PFSA) film, fabricated by simple solution processing to realize a rapid response, self-adaptive, and exceptionally stable actuation.
Abstract: The ability to achieve simultaneous intrinsic deformation with fast response in commercially available materials that can safely contact skin continues to be an unresolved challenge for artificial actuating materials. Rather than using a microporous structure, here we show an ambient-driven actuator that takes advantage of inherent nanoscale molecular channels within a commercial perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer (PFSA) film, fabricated by simple solution processing to realize a rapid response, self-adaptive, and exceptionally stable actuation. Selective patterning of PFSA films on an inert soft substrate (polyethylene terephthalate film) facilitates the formation of a range of different geometries, including a 2D (two-dimensional) roll or 3D (three-dimensional) helical structure in response to vapor stimuli. Chemical modification of the surface allowed the development of a kirigami-inspired single-layer actuator for personal humidity and heat management through macroscale geometric design features, to afford a bilayer stimuli-responsive actuator with multicolor switching capability. Intrinsic deformation with fast response in commercially available materials that can safely contact skin continues to be a challenge for artificial actuating materials. Here the authors incorporate nanoscale molecular channels within perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer for self-adaptive and ambient-driven actuation.

1,395 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
08 Apr 1999-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present field surveys of wood mills and forest burning across Brazilian Amazonia which show that logging crews severely damage 10,000 to 15,000 km2 of forest that are not included in deforestation mapping programmes.
Abstract: Amazonian deforestation rates are used to determine human effects on the global carbon cycle1,2,3 and to measure Brazil's progress in curbing forest impoverishment1,4,5. But this widely used measure of tropical land use tells only part of the story. Here we present field surveys of wood mills and forest burning across Brazilian Amazonia which show that logging crews severely damage 10,000 to 15,000 km2 yr−1 of forest that are not included in deforestation mapping programmes. Moreover, we find that surface fires burn additional large areas of standing forest, the destruction of which is normally not documented. Forest impoverishment due to such fires may increase dramatically when severe droughts provoke forest leaf-shedding and greater flammability; our regional water-balance model indicates that an estimated 270,000 km2 of forest became vulnerable to fire in the 1998 dry season. Overall, we find that present estimates of annual deforestation for Brazilian Amazonia capture less than half of the forest area that is impoverished each year, and even less during years of severe drought. Both logging and fire increase forest vulnerability to future burning6,7 and release forest carbon stocks to the atmosphere, potentially doubling net carbon emissions from regional land-use during severe El Nino episodes. If this forest impoverishment is to be controlled, then logging activities need to be restricted or replaced with low-impact timber harvest techniques, and more effective strategies to prevent accidental forest fires need to be implemented.

1,286 citations

Trending Questions (2)
Why amazon forest is getting destroyed?

The paper states that forest fires and deforestation are the main threats to the Amazon forest. Forest fires occur during extreme drought events induced by El Nino, and deforestation is closely associated with navigable rivers. The vulnerability of the forest to climate change and the attractiveness of areas near roads, rivers, and established deforestation for agriculture and pasture contribute to its destruction.

How are the fires in the Amazon rainforest related to El Niño?

The fires in the Amazon rainforest are related to El Niño as they occurred only in years of extreme drought induced by El Niño, such as in 1997, 2009, and 2015.