Formulating a General Spatial Segregation Measure
TL;DR: In this paper, a general spatial segregation index based upon the concept of composite population counts, which are derived from grouping people in neighboring areas together to account implicitly for spatial interaction of groups across unit boundaries, is proposed.
Abstract: Most traditional segregation measures, such as the index of dissimilarity D, fail to distinguish spatial patterns effectively. Previously proposed spatial measures modifying D suffer from several shortcomings. This article describes a general spatial segregation index based upon the concept of composite population counts, which are derived from grouping people in neighboring areas together to account implicitly for spatial interaction of groups across unit boundaries. The suggested spatial index can overcome the disadvantages of previous indices and can assess the spatial extent of the segregated clusters. The results offer a more comprehensive depiction of spatial segregation of a region. * This project is partly funded by the Russell Sage Foundation Project #: 97–01–02
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TL;DR: Future work should extend recent developments in measuring and conceptualizing segregation in a multilevel framework, build upon the findings and challenges in the neighborhood-effects literature, and utilize longitudinal data sources to illuminate opportunities for public health action to reduce racial disparities in disease.
Abstract: For decades, racial residential segregation has been observed to vary with health outcomes for African Americans, although only recently has interest increased in the public health literature. Utilizing a systematic review of the health and social science literature, the authors consider the segregation-health association through the lens of 4 questions of interest to epidemiologists: How is segregation best measured? Is the segregation-health association socially or biologically plausible? What evidence is there of segregation-health associations? Is segregation a modifiable risk factor? Thirty-nine identified studies test an association between segregation and health outcomes. The health effects of segregation are relatively consistent, but complex. Isolation segregation is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes and increased mortality for blacks, but several studies report health-protective effects of living in clustered black neighborhoods net of social and economic isolation. The majority of reviewed studies are cross-sectional and use coarse measures of segregation. Future work should extend recent developments in measuring and conceptualizing segregation in a multilevel framework, build upon the findings and challenges in the neighborhood-effects literature, and utilize longitudinal data sources to illuminate opportunities for public health action to reduce racial disparities in disease.
428 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that living in areas with greater black segregation and poorer mammography access significantly increases the risk of late diagnosis of breast cancer.
354 citations
TL;DR: This work uses 2000 Census data for the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas to compute a spatially modified version of the information theory index H to describe patterns of Black—White, Hispanic- white, Asian-White, and multigroup segregation at different scales and identifies the metropolitan structural characteristics that best distinguish micro-segregation from macro-se segregation for each group combination.
Abstract: The census tract—based residential segregation literature rests on problematic assumptions about geographic scale and proximity. We pursue a new tract-free approach that combines explicitly spatial...
337 citations
Cites background from "Formulating a General Spatial Segre..."
...With occasional exceptions (Dawkins 2004; Grannis 1998; Jargowsky and Kim 2005; White 1983; Wong 1999, 2005), researchers use measures that stress the racial composition of census tracts to the neglect of spatial complexities....
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TL;DR: This article analyzed levels of segregation across the urban systems of five major immigrant-receiving, English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.
Abstract: Few studies have undertaken rigorous comparative analyses of levels of ethnic residential segregation across two or more countries. Using data for the latest available censuses (2000–2001) and a bespoke methodology for such comparative work, this article analyzes levels of segregation across the urban systems of five major immigrant-receiving, English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. After describing the levels of segregation in each, the article tests a model based on generic factors that should influence segregation levels in all five countries and then evaluates—for the urban population as a whole, for the “charter group” in each society, and for various ethnic minority groups—whether there are also significant country-specific variations in segregation levels. The findings show common factors influencing segregation levels in all five countries: notably the size of the group being considered as a percentage of the urban ...
233 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that recent methodological advancements have merely encouraged and brought refinement to the expanding body of spatially oriented population research, which strongly rooted in demographic tradition and practice, and argue that most demographers simply abandoned the data and approach of spatial demography.
Abstract: Scholars in many social science disciplines have taken note of the re-emerging interest in issues concerning social processes embedded within a spatial context. While some argue that this awakening is refreshing and new and, in fact, long overdue, I demonstrate that spatially focused demographic theories and research agendas clearly predate contemporary interest in these topics. I assert that recent methodological advancements have merely encouraged and brought refinement to the expanding body of spatially oriented population research—research strongly rooted in demographic tradition and practice. Indeed, I make the claim that, until roughly the mid-20th century, virtually all demography in the United States (and elsewhere, but not specifically examined here) was spatial demography. Then, shortly after mid-century, a paradigm shift occurred, and the scientific study of population quickly came to be dominated by attention to the individual as the agent of demographic action. Traditional spatial demography—macro-demography—gave way to micro-demography, and, I argue, most demographers simply abandoned the data and approach of spatial demography. In closing the paper I include a brief discussion of the recent awakening that has come to spatial demographers from developments in other disciplines, principally geography, regional science, and spatial econometrics.
162 citations
Cites background from "Formulating a General Spatial Segre..."
...Around the same time, methodological sophistication was brought to the examination of residential segregation (Duncan and Duncan 1955), a general line of social inquiry at the areal unit level that persists to this day (e.g., Wong 2005; Massey 1985)....
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...Around the same time, methodological sophistication was brought to the examination of residential segregation (Duncan and Duncan 1955), a general line of social inquiry at the areal unit level that persists to this day (e.g., Wong 2005; Massey 1985)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, a family of statistics, G, is introduced to evaluate the spatial association of a variable within a specified distance of a single point, and a comparison is made between a general G statistic and Moran's I for similar hypothetical and empirical conditions.
Abstract: Introduced in this paper is a family of statistics, G, that can be used as a measure of spatial association in a number of circumstances. The basic statistic is derived, its properties are identified, and its advantages explained. Several of the G statistics make it possible to evaluate the spatial association of a variable within a specified distance of a single point. A comparison is made between a general G statistic and Moran’s I for similar hypothetical and empirical conditions. The empirical work includes studies of sudden infant death syndrome by county in North Carolina and dwelling unit prices in metropolitan San Diego by zip-code districts. Results indicate that G statistics should be used in conjunction with I in order to identify characteristics of patterns not revealed by the I statistic alone and, specifically, the G i and G i ∗ statistics enable us to detect local “pockets” of dependence that may not show up when using global statistics.
4,532 citations
TL;DR: In this article, residential segregation is viewed as a multidimensional phenomenon varying along five distinct axes of measurement: evenness exposure concentration centralization and clustering, and 20 indices of segregation are surveyed and related conceptually to 1 of the five dimensions.
Abstract: This paper conceives of residential segregation as a multidimensional phenomenon varying along 5 distinct axes of measurement: evenness exposure concentration centralization and clustering. 20 indices of segregation are surveyed and related conceptually to 1 of the 5 dimensions. Using data from a large set of US metropolitan areas the indices are intercorrelated and factor analyzed. Orthogonal and oblique rotations produce pattern matrices consistent with the postulated dimensional structure. Based on the factor analyses and other information 1 index was chosen to represent each of the 5 dimensions and these selections were confirmed with a principal components analysis. The paper recommends adopting these indices as standard indicators in future studies of segregation. (authors)
2,833 citations
"Formulating a General Spatial Segre..." refers background in this paper
...To a large degree, they correspond to the concentration and clustering dimensions of segregation as identified by Massey and Denton (1988)....
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...After an extensive evaluation of numerous segregation measures, Massey and Denton (1988) concluded that segregation has five dimensions: evenness, exposure, concentration, centralization, and clustering....
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2,323 citations
"Formulating a General Spatial Segre..." refers background in this paper
...They also suggested that the evenness dimension is the most important among the five dimensions, and the dissimilarity index D proposed by Duncan and Duncan (1955) is the most effective measure to capture the evenness dimension....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a rigorous foundation for the second-order analysis of stationary point processes on general spaces, including the line and hyperplane processes of Davidson and Krickeberg.
Abstract: This paper provides a rigorous foundation for the second-order analysis of stationary point processes on general spaces. It illuminates the results of Bartlett on spatial point processes, and covers the point processes of stochastic geometry, including the line and hyperplane processes of Davidson and Krickeberg. The main tool is the decomposition of moment measures pioneered by Krickeberg and Vere-Jones. Finally some practical aspects of the analysis of point processes are discussed.
1,803 citations
"Formulating a General Spatial Segre..." refers methods in this paper
...This idea is similar to the expanding circle framework used in the K-function analysis (Ripley 1976)....
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...Theoretically, one could use many more distance values to define the neighborhood in an incremental manner and to derive sets of composite population counts with different spatial extents as in the K-function analysis (Ripley 1976)....
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TL;DR: A review of the important literature on scale construction can be found in this paper, where the authors argue for enlarging the scope for understanding scale to include the complex processes of social reproduction and consumption.
Abstract: Over the last ten years, scholars in human geography have been paying increasing theoretical and empirical attention to understanding the ways in which the production of scale is implicated in the production of space. Overwhelmingly, this work reflects a social constructionist approach, which situates capitalist production (and the role of the state, capital, labor and nonstate political actors) as of central concern. What is missing from this discussion about the social construction of scale is serious attention to the relevance of social reproduction and consumption. In this article I review the important literature on scale construction and argue for enlarging our scope for understanding scale to include the complex processes of social reproduction and consumption. I base my critique on a short case study which illustrates that attention to other processes besides production and other systems of domination besides capitalism can enhance our theorizing and improve our attempts to effect real social change.
1,535 citations
"Formulating a General Spatial Segre..." refers background in this paper
...The geographical scope can be perceived as the spatial extent of the neighborhood, and it is related to the size and level facets of the scale issue (Marston 2000)....
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