Foundation analysis and design
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Cites background from "Foundation analysis and design"
...…32 Figure 2.6: Distribution of Horizontal Earth Pressure after Compaction………………33 Figure 2.7: Change in Vertical and Horizontal Earth Forces on a Non-Yielding Wall due to First, Second, and Third Vibration Effort……………………………………………34 Figure 2.8: Variation of Horizontal Earth Force with Backfill Height During Construction Stages at Different Over-Consolidation Ratios……………………………………........36 Figure 2.9: Configuration of Non-Yielding Wall for Calculating Dynamic Loads on Rigid Retaining Walls…………………………………………………………………………39 Figure 2.10: Earthquake-Induced Soil Pressures on Structures………………………...39 Figure 2.11: Model Wall Created in SASSI2000……………………………………….41 Figure 2.12: Normalized Transfer Function………………………………………….....42 Figure 2.13: Comparison of Normalized Pressure Profile of Different Methods……….43 Figure 3.1: 1/4 Scaled Non-Yielding Model Wall on a Shaking Table Platform………46 Figure 3.2: Instrumentations and Setup of Experimental Model……………………….47 Figure 3.3: Particle Size Distribution for Backfill Sand………………………………...48 Figure 3.4: Wall Top Instrumentations…………………………………………………49 Figure 3.5: Wall Toe Instrumentations…………………………………………………50 Figure 3.6: FLAC Basic Explicit Calculation Cycle……………………………………52 Figure 3.7: Application of a Time-Varying Force to Mass, Resulting in Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement…………………………………………………………….52 11 Figure 3.8: FLAC Numerical Model of Non-Yielding Retaining Wall Sand Backfill…55 Figure 3.9: Numerical Model Meshed with Different Soil Element Numbers………....56 Figure 3.10: Effect of Number of Numerical Mesh Soil Elements on Model Wall Response………………………………………………………………………………..57 Figure 3.11: Typical Force Diagram Used for Analysis of the Numerical Model……...60 Figure 3.12: Variation of Horizontal Earth Force with Backfill Height During Construction Stages at Different Over-Consolidation Ratios…………………………..60 Figure 3.13: Predicted and Measured Lateral Earth Force, Vertical Earth Force, and Normalized Resultant Elevation………………………………………………………..62 Figure 3.14: Reference Geometry and Configuration for the Prototype Wall………….64 Figure 3.15: FLAC Numerical Model of Non-Yielding Wall at Prototype Scale Retaining Sand Backfill……………………………………………………………………………65 Figure 4.1: Typical Force Diagram Used for Analysis of the Numerical Model……….67 Figure 4.2: Effect of Backfill Soil Friction Angle on Wall Lateral Deflection and Earth Pressure…………………………………………………………………………………69 Figure 4.3: Variation of Vertical and Horizontal Forces with Backfill Soil Friction Angle (φ)……………………………………………………………………………………….71 Figure 4.4: Effect of Backfill Soil Friction Angle on the Location of the Earth Force Resultant………………………………………………………………………………...72 Figure 4.5: Effect of Backfill Soil Degree of Consolidation on Wall Lateral Earth Pressure for (φ = 30° and 40°)…………………………………………………………..73 Figure 4.6: Effect of Backfill Soil Degree of Consolidation on Wall Lateral Earth Pressure and Deflection for (φ = 50°)…………………………………………………..74 Figure 4.7: Effect of Backfill Soil Degree of Over-Consolidation and Friction Angle on Both Vertical and Horizontal Force Resultant………………………...………………..76 Figure 4.8: Effect of Backfill Soil Degree of Consolidation on the Location of the Horizontal Earth Force Resultant……………………………………………………….77 Figure 4.9: Effect of Wall Modulus of Elasticity on Wall Lateral Deflection and Earth Pressure…………………………………………………………………………………79 Figure 4.10: Effect of Wall Modulus of Elasticity on Vertical and Horizontal Forces....80 12 Figure 4.11: Effect of Wall Modulus of Elasticity on Location of Earth Force Resultant………………………………………………………………………………..81 Figure 4.12: Effect of Wall-Backfill Soil Interface Friction Angle, δ, on Wall Lateral Deflection and Lateral Earth Pressure………………………………………………….82 Figure 4.13: Effect of Wall-Backfill Soil Interface Friction Angle, δ, on Vertical and Horizontal Earth Forces………………………………………………………………...83 Figure 4.14: Effect of Wall-Backfill Soil Interface Friction Angle, δ on Normalized Earth Force Location………………………………………………………………………….85 Figure 4.15: Numerical Grid for Model Walls with Inclined Facing Panels…………...86 Figure 4.16: Effect of Wall Inclination Angle, ω, on Wall Lateral Deflection and Lateral Earth Pressure…………………………………………………………………………..87 Figure 4.17: Effect of Wall Inclination Angle, ω, on Vertical and Horizontal Earth Forces…………………………………………………………………………………...88 Figure 4.18: Effect of Wall Inclination Angle, ω, on the Location of the Horizontal Earth Force Resultant…………………………………………………………………………89 Figure 4.19: Effect of Wall Height on Normalized Wall Lateral Deflection and Normalized Lateral Earth Pressure……………………………………………………..90 Figure 4.20: Effect of Wall Height on Normalized Vertical and Horizontal Earth Forces…………………………………………………………………………………...91 Figure 4.21: Effect of Wall Height on the Normalized Location of Horizontal Earth Force……………………………………………………………………………………92 Figure 5.1: Time Histories for Wall Lateral Deflection at Mid-Height with Different Backfill Soil Friction Angles…………………………………………………………...96 Figure 5.2: One-Second Window of Maximum Lateral Displacement of Model Wall and Input Base Acceleration (Hatched Area in Figure 5.1)………………………………...97 Figure 5.3: Variation of Maximum and Residual Dynamic Lateral Deflection of Wall with Backfill Soil Friction Angle…………………………………………………….....99 Figure 5.4: Response and Base Acceleration at Wall Mid-Height for Walls Constructed with Different Backfill Soil Friction Angles…………………………………………..100 Figure 5.5: Acceleration Amplification Factors at Wall Mid-Height for Walls Constructed with Different Backfill Soil Friction Angles……………………………..100 13 Figure 5.6: Time Histories of Lateral Earth Pressure at the Bottom of Walls Constructed with Different Soil Friction Angles…………………………………………………....102 Figure 5.7: Time Histories of Lateral Earth Pressure at the Mid-Height of Walls Constructed with Different Soil Friction Angles……………………………………....103 Figure 5.8: Time Histories of Lateral Earth Pressure at the Top of Walls Constructed Different Soil Friction Angles………………………………………………………....104 Figure 5.9: One-Second Window out of Time Histories of Lateral Earth Pressure at MidHeight of Walls Constructed with Different Soil Friction Angles (Hatched Area in Figure 5.7)…………………………………………………………………………………….106 Figure 5.10: Effect of Backfill Soil Friction Angle on the Variation of Lateral Earth Pressure with Wall Heights at Different Backfill Soil Friction Angles……………….108 Figure 5.11: Effect of Backfill Soil Friction Angle on Horizontal Reaction Force at Top of Non-Yielding Wall………………………………………………………………....110 Figure 5.12: Effect of Backfill Soil Friction Angle on Horizontal Reaction Force at Bottom of Non-Yielding Wall……………………………………………………..….111 Figure 5.13: Effect of Backfill Soil Friction Angle on Total Horizontal Reaction Force of Non-Yielding Wall………………………………………………………………….....112 Figure 5.14: One-Second Window out of Time Histories of Lateral Earth Forces at the Top and Bottom of Walls Constructed with Different Soil Friction Angles…………..114 Figure 5.15: Maximum, Minimum, and Residual Horizontal Reaction Forces at the Top and Bottom of Walls Constructed with Different Friction Angles Backfills………….115 Figure 5.16: Maximum, Minimum, and Residual Total Horizontal Earth Forces for Walls Constructed with Different Friction Angle Backfills……………………………….....116 Figure 5.17: Effect of Backfill Soil Friction Angle on Total Vertical Reaction Force at the Bottom of a Non-Yielding Wall…………………………………………………….....118 Figure 5.18: Variation of Residual, Minimum, and Maximum Values of Vertical Load at Bottom of Wall Panel with Different Friction Angles………………………………....119 Figure 5.19: Variation of Minimum, Maximum, and Residual Lateral Earth Force Location with Different Backfill Soil Friction Angles………………………………...120 Figure 5.20: Maximum and Residual Dynamic Deformation Increments of Model Wall Constructed with Backfill with Different Over-Consolidation Ratios………………...122 14 Figure 5.21: Residual and Maximum Lateral Earth Pressure Distributions for Different Over-Consolidation Ratios…………………………………………………………….123 Figure 5.22: Maximum, Minimum, and Residual Lateral Force at the Bottom and Top of Walls with Different Over-Consolidation Ratios……………………………………...124 Figure 5.23: Maximum, Minimum, and Residual Total Lateral Force on Model Walls with Different Over-Consolidation Ratios…………………………………………….125 Figure 5.24: Variation of Maximum, Minimum, and Residual Values of Vertical Earth Force with Different Over-Consolidation Ratios……………………………………...126 Figure 5.25: Variation of Maximum, Minimum, and Residual Location of Resultant Earth Force with Backfill Soil Degree of Consolidation…………………………………….127 Figure 5.26: Variation of Maximum and Residual Wall Deflection with a Non-Yielding Wall Modulus of Elasticity…………………………………………………………....129 Figure 5.27: Residual and Maximum Lateral Earth Pressure Distributions for Different Wall Panel Modulus of Elasticity……………………………………………………..130 Figure 5.28: Maximum, Minimum, and Residual Lateral Force at the Bottom and Top of Wall with Different Modulus of Elasticity…………………………………………....132 Figure 5.29: Maximum, Minimum, and Residual Total Lateral Force on Model Wall with Different Elastic Modulus…………………………………………………………......133 Figure 5.30: Residual, Minimum, and Maximum Values of Vertical Load on Bottom of Facing Panel with Different Modulus of Elasticity…………………………………...134 Figure 5.31: Variation of Maximum, Minimum, and Residual Location of Resultant Earth Force with Wall Modulus of Elasticity……………………………………………..…135 15...
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...2: Different Types of Retaining Wall Movement [1]...
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...Figure 1.1: Different Types of Retaining Wall…………………………………………17 Figure 1.2: Different Types of Retaining Wall Movement……………………………..18 Figure 1.3: Different Types of Non-Yielding Retaining Wall Structures………………20 Figure 2.1: Stress Redistribution Caused by Arching Phenomena in Soil……………...25 Figure 2.2: Comparison of Jaky’s Equation and Simplified Jaky’s Equation for Estimating, Ko for Normally Consolidated Soils……………………………………….26 Figure 2.3: Earth Pressure due to Compaction, Estimated from a Numerical Analysis...29 Figure 2.4: Variation of Ko with Soil Friction Angle at Different Over-Consolidation Ratios…………………………………………………………………………………....30 Figure 2.5: Distribution of Horizontal Earth Pressure against Model Non-Yielding Wall for Loose Sand………………………………………………………………………....
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...1: Different Types of Retaining Wall [1]...
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...ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………...6 LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………......10 LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………...…………15 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………..16 1.1 Earth Retention Systems…………………………………………………………16 1.2 Problem Definition………………………………………………………………19 1.3 Research Objectives……………………………………………………………..21 1.4 Research Methodology…………………………………………………………..21 1.5 Thesis Organization……………………………………………………………...22 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………...23 2.1 Earth Pressure Coefficient……………………………………………………….23 2.2 Compaction Effects on Lateral Earth Pressure…………………………………..27 2.3 Dynamic Earth Pressure on Non-yielding Retaining Walls……………………..36 2.3.1 Wood’s Solution (1973)………………………………………………….37 2.3.2 Ostadan and White (1998)……………………………………………….40 Chapter 3: NUMERICAL MODELLING OF NON-YIELDING WALLS……………45 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...45 3.2 Physical Model Non-Yielding Wall……………………………………………..45 3.3 Numerical Model Development and Calibration………………………………...51 3.3.1 Dynamic Modeling Using FLAC………………………………………...51 3.3.1 Numerical model dimensions and accuracy……………………………...54 3.3.2 Material properties……………………………………………………….55 3.3.3 Model wall construction stages simulation………………………………58 3.4 Over-Consolidation Ratio of Sandy Soil………………………………………...59 8 3.5 Comparison between Predictions and Test Measurements…………………..….61 3.6 Prototype Wall Dimensions and Material Properties……………………………63 3.7 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………...66 Chapter 4: STATIC RESPONSES OF NON-YIELDING RETAINING WALLS…….67 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...67 4.2 Effect of Backfill Soil Friction Angle (φ)…………………………………..…...68 4.3 Effect of Backfill Soil Degree of Consolidation (OCR)…………………………73 4.4 Effect of model wall elasticity (ES)……………………………………………...78 4.5 Effect of Wall-Soil Interface Friction Angle (δ)………………………………...81 4.6 Effect of Wall Inclination (ω)…………………………………………………...85 4.7 Model Walls with Different Heights (H)………………………………………...89 4.8 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….92 Chapter 5: DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF NON-YIELDING RETAINING WALLS…94 5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...94 5.2 Effect of Backfill Soil Friction Angle (φ)…………………………………….95 5.2.1 Wall Lateral Deformation…………………………………………………...95 5.2.2 Lateral Earth Pressure…………………………………………………..101 5.2.3 Lateral Earth Forces…………………………………………………….108 5.2.4 Vertical Earth Forces……………………………………………………117 5.2.5 Lateral Earth Force Location……………………………………………120 5.3 Effect of Backfill Soil Over-Consolidation Ratio (OCR)………………………121 5.3.1 Wall Lateral Deformation………………………………………………121 5.3.2 Lateral Earth Pressure…………………………………………………..122 5.3.3 Lateral Earth Forces…………………………………………………….123 5.3.4 Vertical Earth Forces……………………………………………………126 9 5.3.5 Lateral Earth Force Location……………………………………………127 5.4 Effect of Wall Panel Modulus of Elasticity (Es)………………………………..128 5.4.1 Wall Lateral Deformation……………………………………………….128 5.4.2 Lateral Earth Pressure…………………………………………………...129 5.4.3 Lateral Earth Force……………………………………………………...131 5.4.4 Vertical Earth Forces……………………………………………………133 5.4.5 Lateral Earth Force Location……………………………………………134 5.5 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...135 Chapter 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS………………………....137 6.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………137 6.1.1 Static Results……………………………………………………………137 6.1.2 Dynamic Results………………………………………………………..138 6.2 Recommendations……………………………………………………………...139 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………..141 Vita ……………………………………………………………………………………147 10...
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2 citations
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Cites background from "Foundation analysis and design"
...113 Figure 6-15 Pressure isobars (also called pressure bulbs) for square and continuous footings (Bowles, 2001) ....
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...…SOG and soft clay................................. 113 Figure 6-15 Pressure isobars (also called pressure bulbs) for square and continuous footings (Bowles, 2001) ................................................................. 113 Figure 6-16 Stress contour of SOG…...
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2 citations