FRAM: the functional resonance analysis method, modelling complex socio-technical systems
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TL;DR: Six research areas are identified: theory of RE; identification and classification of resilience; safety management tools; analysis of accidents; risk assessment; and training; and the proposal for a research agenda is focused on refining key constructs.
249 citations
Cites background or result from "FRAM: the functional resonance anal..."
...Although this approach is in line with the RE premise that safety is inseparable from business [8], it can also be a drawback as the full implications of using RE are not visible....
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...Indeed, this is consistent with the RE objective of understanding why things go right, rather than only why they sometimes go wrong [8]....
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...RE recognizes that a portion of variability is unavoidable and beneficial, and due to this fact it should be managed rather than dampened [8]....
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...A core FRAM assumption is that accidents in CSSs result from the combination and resonance of normal variability, and that broken elements do not necessarily exist [8]....
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TL;DR: This paper aims to describe and classify different high-impact rare (HR) events, provide a more technical definition of power system resilience, and discuss linkages between resilience and other well-established concepts, such as security and reliability.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the notion of resilience in power systems from a fundamental viewpoint and thoroughly examines its practical implications. This paper aims to describe and classify different high-impact rare (HR) events, provide a more technical definition of power system resilience, and discuss linkages between resilience and other well-established concepts, such as security and reliability. Most relevant decisions of system operators in the face of HR events involve a significant level of stress and strain. In order to make informed decisions within this context, it is crucial to have an all-inclusive picture of the state of the system. This paper provides an appropriate framework that not only characterizes the various states of the system but also derives informed decisions from a resilience-oriented perspective. It also describes and analyzes diverse resilience improvement strategies. Comprehensive models and classifications are provided to clearly capture various aspects of power system resilience.
190 citations
Cites background from "FRAM: the functional resonance anal..."
...damental prerequisites for studying black and gray swans (see [15] for a detailed comparison between resilience engineering and risk assessment)....
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TL;DR: Using FRAM to reconcile differences between work-as-imagined and work- as-done when implementing a guideline can reduce the need for clinicians to adjust performance and create workarounds, which may be detrimental to both safety and quality, once the guideline is introduced.
Abstract: Uptake of guidelines in healthcare can be variable. A focus on behaviour change and other strategies to improve compliance, however, has not increased implementation success. The contribution of other factors such as clinical setting and practitioner workflow to guideline utilisation has recently been recognised. In particular, differences between work-as-imagined by those who write procedures, and work-as-done—or actually enacted—in the clinical environment, can render a guideline difficult or impossible for clinicians to follow. The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) can be used to model workflow in the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to investigate whether FRAM can be used to identify process elements in a draft guideline that are likely to impede implementation by conflicting with current ways of working. Draft guidelines in two intensive care units (ICU), one in Australia and one in Denmark, were modelled and analysed using FRAM. The FRAM was used to guide collaborative discussion with healthcare professionals involved in writing and implementing the guidelines and to ensure that the final instructions were compatible with other processes used in the workplace. Processes that would have impeded implementation were discovered early, and the guidelines were modified to maintain compatibility with current work processes. Missing process elements were also identified, thereby, avoiding the confusion that would have ensued had the guideline been introduced as originally written. Using FRAM to reconcile differences between work-as-imagined and work-as-done when implementing a guideline can reduce the need for clinicians to adjust performance and create workarounds, which may be detrimental to both safety and quality, once the guideline is introduced.
162 citations
Cites methods from "FRAM: the functional resonance anal..."
...The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) [11] is a method for modelling complex socio-technical systems, which is well-suited for capturing the essential characteristics of WAD....
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...those who write guidelines and procedures [11]....
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TL;DR: An up-to-date review of STS methods, a set of case studies illustrating their use and an evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses are provided, as well as a ‘roadmap’ for future work.
Abstract: An important part of the application of sociotechnical systems theory (STS) is the development of methods, tools and techniques to assess human factors and ergonomics workplace requirements. We focus in this paper on describing and evaluating current STS methods for workplace safety, as well as outlining a set of six case studies covering the application of these methods to a range of safety contexts. We also describe an evaluation of the methods in terms of ratings of their ability to address a set of theoretical and practical questions (e.g. the degree to which methods capture static/dynamic aspects of tasks and interactions between system levels). The outcomes from the evaluation highlight a set of gaps relating to the coverage and applicability of current methods for STS and safety (e.g. coverage of external influences on system functioning; method usability). The final sections of the paper describe a set of future challenges, as well as some practical suggestions for tackling these.
Practitioner Summary: We provide an up-to-date review of STS methods, a set of case studies illustrating their use and an evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses. The paper concludes with a ‘roadmap’ for future work.
144 citations
TL;DR: An evaluation of the various methods available and challenges associated with designing resilient SoSs is provided by indicating important differences between resilience and various related system attributes and providing a critical assessment of the current reliability and risk techniques in addressing SoS resilience.
Abstract: Resilience is the ability of a system to react to and recover from disturbances with minimal effect on its dynamic stability. While resilience has been the focus of research in several fields, in the case of systems-of-systems SoSs, addressing resilience is particularly interesting and challenging. As infrastructure SoSs, such as power, transportation, and communication networks, grow in complexity and interconnectivity, measuring and improving the resilience of these critical SoSs is vital in terms of safety and providing uninterrupted services. While the resilience of SoSs depends on the reliability of their constituent systems, traditional reliability and risk assessment approaches cannot adequately quantify their resilience. In this paper, we provide an evaluation of the various methods available and challenges associated with designing resilient SoSs by 1 indicating important differences between resilience and various related system attributes, 2 providing a critical assessment of the current reliability and risk techniques in addressing SoS resilience, and 3 discussing the application of recent multidisciplinary research that can guide the design of resilient SoS. Finally, we highlight key challenges in this design process and propose a series of research themes that can shape future research in this field.
130 citations
Cites methods from "FRAM: the functional resonance anal..."
...The authors also provide a discussion of other useful models, such as the functional resonance analysis model [Hollnagel, 2012] and an interdependency model based on failures and repairs [Johansson and Hassel, 2010]....
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