Framework for Assessing Indicators of Environmental Impacts in the Transport Sector
01 Jan 2011-Transportation Research Record (Transportation Research Board of the National Academies)-Vol. 2242, Iss: 2242, pp 55-63
TL;DR: In this paper, a definition of the phrase "indicator of environmental impacts in the transport sector" was derived and the concept of a chain of causality between a source and a final target was developed as a common reference for indicators and their assessment.
Abstract: The following questions were addressed in this study: How can environmental impacts of transport be identified? How can the impacts be represented by operational indicators? How can several indicators be considered jointly? How can indicators be used in planning and decision making? First, a definition of the phrase "indicator of environmental impacts in the transport sector" was derived. The concept of a chain of causality between a source and a final target was developed as a common reference for indicators and their assessment. Criteria and methods for the assessment and selection of indicators were derived in terms of measurement, monitoring, and management. Finally, examples of the application of the criteria for individual indicators of seven chains of causality and for selected aggregated indicators were developed and are presented in this paper.
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TL;DR: Zhang et al. as discussed by the authors presented the latest improvements in calculation methodology for ecological footprint and manifested more precisely the evolution of ecological footprints and biological capacity in Fujian during the recent years.
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TL;DR: A fuzzy multi-criteria decision making approach for selecting alternative configurations for the distribution chain in urban areas in terms of sustainability is presented and an application of the proposed framework to the assessment of alternative courier operations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is presented to demonstrate its applicability.
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyse the spatial distribution of e-commerce deliveries during a 4-month period in Belgium and propose a methodology based on the total vehicle-kilometres travelled to calculate the external costs per parcel at the national level.
Abstract: The rise in online B2C sales resulted in a fragmentation of freight shipments. Logistics service providers are challenged to cope with high competition, a consumer-driven economy, failed delivery issues, reverse logistics and environmental measures taken by policymakers, which are all putting pressure on the costs. The last-mile of these deliveries, widely accepted as the most expense part of the trip, is a trade-off between internal costs, externalities and the density of deliveries. Little is known so far about the actual impacts of e-commerce on transport and logistics on society. In this paper, we first analyse the spatial distribution of e-commerce deliveries during a 4-month period in Belgium. Next, we propose a methodology based on the total vehicle-kilometres travelled to calculate the external costs per parcel at the national level. The results show that despite the high urbanization in the country, the e-commerce consumption per capita is higher in rural areas while the total number of kilometres travelled remains similar to that in urban areas. While urban areas undergo most of the disadvantages related to the e-commerce last-mile, the average external cost per parcel was found to be higher in rural areas.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a set of 20 indicators is selected and used as an example to evaluate their applicability to monitoring the lines of action regarding transportation in the Rio de Janeiro State Climate Plan.
62 citations
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: Using density-functional theory and quantum transport calculations based on no-equilibrium Green's function formalism, the uni-axial strain effect on structural, electronic and transport properties of a 2D SiC honeycomb structure was studied in this paper.
Abstract: Using density-functional theory and quantum transport calculations based on no-equilibrium Green's function formalism, we study the uni-axial strain effect on structural, electronic and transport properties of a 2D SiC honeycomb structure. Our results indicate that this layer shows an electronic transition from semiconductor to metal behavior at zigzag constraint equal to -16,87%. This study provides compact and intuitive description of the behavior of both orbital and nonbonding interactions contribution in response to the applied uni-axial stress. These results are supported by a deep analysis of the influence of both load and pressure strain in the zigzag and armchair direction. In fact, the electronic modulation affects strongly the stabilizing interactions in the center of the honeycomb structure. In addition, we found that the application of uni-axial compression could also contribute to greatly increasing the current when the bias is applied. ةسارد نم انكمت ،green ةلادلا ىلإ ً ادانتسا يمكلا لقنلا تاباسحو ةيفيظولا ً اةفاثكل ةيرظن مادختساب صخلم 2D-SiC لكيه ىلع لقنلاو ةينورتكللإاو ةيلكيهلا صئاصخلا ىلع روحملا ً ةيداحا تاهوشتل ريثأت ندعمًىلا ً و ً ًًقفاوتيًاذه ( SC) نم ا ينورتكلإ ً لاقتنا رهظت ةقبطلا هذه نأ ىلإ ً ريشت انجئاتن ً .لحنلاًشعًلكشًىلع ’ تلاعافتلا كولسل ا يهيدبو ا طوغضم ا فصو ةساردلا هذه رفوت. جرعتم هاجتا يف -16.87٪ يواسي طغضل ليلحت للاخ نم جئاتنلا هذه معديو . يروحملا يداحلأا قيبطتلطغض ً ةباجتسا ةيطخلا ول ةيطخلا ةيرادملا عقاولا يف .(armchair,zigzag)نيهاجتلا لاك يف طغضلا نع جتانلا هوشتو ينورتكل ا ريثأتل قمعم ًشعًلكش لحنلا ىلع لكيهلا زكرم يف ةيتيبثتلا تلاعافت ىلع ةدشب رثؤي ينورتكللإ ً ليكشتلا ارايتل يف ةريبك ةدايز يف اضيأ مهسي أن نكمي يروحملا أيداح طغضلا قيبطت نأ اندجو كلذ، ىلع ةولاع .يىابرهك رتوت قيبطت دنع لايىابرهك
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Book•
01 Apr 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a framework of value-focused thinking in the context of strategic thinking and action, which is used in a variety of applications, e.g., NASA, NASA Leadership in Space, Air Pollution in Los Angeles, and many others.
Abstract: PART 1: Concepts 1. Thinking about Values 1.1 Value-Focused Thinking 1.2 Creating Alternatives 1.3 Identifying Decision Opportunities 1.4 Thinking about Values 1.5 The Uses of Value-Focused Thinking 2. The Framework of Value-Focused Thinking 2.1 Framing a Decision Situation 2.2 Fundamental Objectives 2.3 The Decision Context 2.4 Guiding Strategic Thinking and Action 2.5 The Framework 2.6 Comparing Alternative-Focused and Value-Focused Thinking 2.7 Ethics and Value Neutrality Part 2: Foundations 3. Identifying and Structuring Objectives 3.1 Identifying Objectives 3.2 Identifying Fundamental Objectives 3.3 Structures of Objectives 3.4 How to Structure Objectives 3.5 Desirable Properties of Fundamental Objectives 3.6 Relating Objectives Hierarchies and Objectives Networks 3.7 Incomplete Objectives Hierarchies and Networks 3.8 Objectives Hierarchies for Groups 4. Measuring the Achievement of Objectives 4.1 The Concept of an Attribute 4.2 The Types of Attributes 4.3 Developing Constructed Attributes 4.4 Use of Proxy Attributes 4.5 Desirable Properties of Attributes 4.6 The Decision of Selecting Attributes 4.7 Connecting Decision Situations with Attributes 5. Quantifying Objectives with a Value Model 5.1 Building a Value Model 5.2 Multiple-Objective Value Models 5.3 Single-Objective Value Models 5.4 Prioritizing Objectives 5.5 The Art of Assessing Value Models 5.6 Issues to Consider in Value Assessments Part 3: Uses 6. Uncovering Hidden Objectives 6.1 Insights from Attributes 6.2 Insights from Violations of Independence Assumptions 6.3 Insights from Value Tradeoffs 6.4 Insights from Single-Attribute Objective Functions 6.5 Insights from Multiple Value Assessments 7. Creating Alternatives for a Single Decisionmaker 7.1 Counteracting Cognitive Biases 7.2 Use of Objectives 7.3 Use of Strategic Objectives 7.4 Focus on High-Value Alternatives 7.5 Use of Evaluated Alternatives 7.6 Generic Alternatives 7.7 Coordinated Alternatives 7.8 Process Alternatives 7.9 Removing Constraints 7.10 Better Utilization of Resources 7.11 Screening to Identify Good Alternatives 7.12 Alternatives for a Series of Similar Decisions 8. Creating Alternatives for Multiple Decisionmakers 8.1 Pleasing Other Stakeholders 8.2 Stakeholder Influence on Your Consequences 8.3 Clarifying Stakeholder Values for Group Decisions 8.4 Creating Alternatives for Negotiations 9. Identifying Decision Opportunities 9.1 Use of Strategic Objectives 9.2 Use of Resources Available 9.3 A Broader Decision Context 9.4 Monitoring Achievement 9.5 Establishing a Process 9.6 Negotiating for Your Side and for the Other Side 9.7 Being in the Right Place at the Right Time 9.8 When You Have No Idea about What to Do 10. Insights for the Decisionmaking Process 10.1 Guiding Information Collection 10.2 Evaluating Alternatives 10.3 Interconnecting Decisions 10.4 Improving Communication 10.5 Facilitating Involvement in Multiple-Stakeholder Decisions 10.6 Guiding Strategic Thinking Part 4: Applications 11. Selected Applications 11.1 NASA Leadership in Space 11.2 Transporting Nuclear Waste 11.3 Research on Climate Change 11.4 Air Pollution in Los Angeles 11.5 Design of Integrated Circuit Testers 11.6 Collaborating on a Book 12. Value-Focused Thinking at British Columbia Hydra 12.1 Identification and Structuring of the Strategic Objectives 12.2 First Revision of the Strategic Objectives and the Preliminary Attributes 12.3 Current Version of the Strategic Objectives and Attributes 12.4 The Quantitative Value Assessment 12.5 Insights from the Value Assessment 12.6 Decision Opportunities 13. Value-Focused Thinking for My Decisions 13.1 Strategic Objectives for Life 13.2 Guiding Involvement in Professional Activities 13.3 Decisions about Health and Safety 13.4 Professional Decisions 13.5 Personal Decisions 13.6 Value-Focused Thinking and You References Index of Applications and Examples General Index
1,654 citations
"Framework for Assessing Indicators ..." refers background in this paper
...What count as significant environmental impacts depends on the cultural context, for example, Africa (61) and forests and acid rain in Germany (62, 63)....
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01 Jan 1999
1,629 citations
"Framework for Assessing Indicators ..." refers background in this paper
...In addition the ecoindicator approach includes three types of endpoints: resources, ecosystem quality, and human health (67, 68)....
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TL;DR: Ecological indicators need to capture the complexities of the ecosystem yet remain simple enough to be easily and routinely monitored.
1,251 citations
"Framework for Assessing Indicators ..." refers background in this paper
...A measurable indicator should be straightforward and relatively inexpensive to measure (25)....
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01 Jan 1999
922 citations
TL;DR: A conceptual framework for environmental indicator selection is proposed that puts the indicator set at the heart of the selection process and not the individual indicators.
691 citations
"Framework for Assessing Indicators ..." refers background in this paper
...A few metareviews of indicator criterion literature were found for environmental monitoring (42), for environmental assessment more generally (29), for human health (27), and (more limited) for sustainable transport in the United Kingdom (35)....
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...To describe the interactions between society and the environment, several approaches have been proposed: driver–pressure–state– impact–response, mentioned earlier; midpoint or endpoint level within life-cycle impact assessment (65); or the concept of the causal network (29), which considers multiple parallel chains leading from driving-force indicators to pressure, state, impact, and finally response indicators....
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