Frequency domain equalization for single-carrier broadband wireless systems
TL;DR: This article surveys frequency domain equalization (FDE) applied to single-carrier (SC) modulation solutions and discusses similarities and differences of SC and OFDM systems and coexistence possibilities, and presents examples of SC-FDE performance capabilities.
Abstract: Broadband wireless access systems deployed in residential and business environments are likely to face hostile radio propagation environments, with multipath delay spread extending over tens or hundreds of bit intervals. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplex (OFDM) is a recognized multicarrier solution to combat the effects of such multipath conditions. This article surveys frequency domain equalization (FDE) applied to single-carrier (SC) modulation solutions. SC radio modems with frequency domain equalization have similar performance, efficiency, and low signal processing complexity advantages as OFDM, and in addition are less sensitive than OFDM to RF impairments such as power amplifier nonlinearities. We discuss similarities and differences of SC and OFDM systems and coexistence possibilities, and present examples of SC-FDE performance capabilities.
Citations
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Book•
09 May 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of joint channel estimation (JCE) is evaluated in noise-limited and interference-limited systems by the SNR degradation and the variation coefficient, respectively.
Abstract: Channel estimation is of great importance in many wireless communication systems, since it influences the overall performance of a system significantly. Especially in multi-user and/or multi-antenna systems, i.e. generally in multi-branch systems, the requirements on channel estimation are very high, since the training signals or so called pilots that are used for channel estimation suffer from multiple access interference. Recently, in the context with such systems more and more attention is paid to concepts for joint channel estimation (JCE) which have the capability to eliminate the multiple access interference and also the interference between the channel coefficients. The performance of JCE can be evaluated in noise limited systems by the SNR degradation and in interference limited systems by the variation coefficient. Theoretical analysis carried out in this thesis verifies that both performance criteria are closely related to the patterns of the pilots used for JCE, no matter the signals are represented in the time domain or in the frequency domain. Optimum pilots like disjoint pilots, Walsh code based pilots or CAZAC code based pilots, whose constructions are described in this thesis, do not show any SNR degradation when being applied to multi-branch systems. It is shown that optimum pilots constructed in the time domain become optimum pilots in the frequency domain after a discrete Fourier transformation. Correspondingly, optimum pilots in the frequency domain become optimum pilots in the time domain after an inverse discrete Fourier transformation. However, even for optimum pilots different variation coefficients are obtained in interference limited systems. Furthermore, especially for OFDM-based transmission schemes the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmit signal is an important decision criteria for choosing the most suitable pilots. CAZAC code based pilots are the only pilots among the regarded pilot constructions that result in a PAPR of 0 dB for the transmit signal that origins in the transmitted pilots. When summarizing the analysis regarding the SNR degradation, the variation coefficient and the PAPR with respect to one single service area and considering the impact due to interference from other adjacent service areas that occur due to a certain choice of the pilots, one can conclude that CAZAC codes are the most suitable pilots for the application in JCE of multi-carrier multi-branch systems, especially in the case if CAZAC codes that origin in different mother codes are assigned to different adjacent service areas. The theoretical results of the thesis are verified by simulation results. The choice of the parameters for the frequency domain or time domain JCE is oriented towards the evaluated implementation complexity. According to the chosen parameterization of the regarded OFDM-based and FMT-based systems it is shown that a frequency domain JCE is the best choice for OFDM and a time domain JCE is the best choice for FMT applying CAZAC codes as pilots. The results of this thesis can be used as a basis for further theoretical research and also for future JCE implementation in wireless systems.
11Â citations
TL;DR: This two-layer spreading CDMA (TLS-CDMA) system can combat multiple-access interference (MAI) and multipath interference (MPI) simultaneously and effectively in a multiuser scenario over frequency-selective fading channels.
Abstract: This paper proposes and investigates a novel code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system. This two-layer spreading CDMA (TLS-CDMA) system can combat multiple-access interference (MAI) and multipath interference (MPI) simultaneously and effectively in a multiuser scenario over frequency-selective fading channels. Moreover, a two-layer cell-specific scrambling code is proposed for the TLS-CDMA system in the uplink transmission to efficiently suppress other-cell interference (OCI) in a multicell environment. The proposed TLS-CDMA system allows the two-layer spreading factors to be adapted to the cell structure, the channel conditions, and the number of active users to support variable data rate transmission among multiple users. The superior performance of the TLS-CDMA system over other uplink transmission systems, such as cyclic prefix CDMA (CP-CDMA) and multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA), is also illustrated using performance analysis and simulation results.
11Â citations
Cites background or methods from "Frequency domain equalization for s..."
...For channels with large delay spread, FDE is computationally simpler than the corresponding time-domain equalization [22]....
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...It is known that with cyclic prefix, the cyclic-shifted version of the transmitted symbol caused by the multipath can be equalized and recovered by FDE because the shift in the time domain can be recovered by a phase rotation in the frequency domain [22]....
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...FDE is used for further processing due to its lower complexity over conventional time-domain equalization [11], [22]....
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30 Nov 2009
TL;DR: A technique for constructing a training sequence of known symbols instead of a CP for CPMFDE and results in a 60 GHz environment show that the proposed technique satisfies all requirements.
Abstract: Frequency domain equalization (FDE) of continuous phase modulations (CPM) has been thoroughly investigated lately. To enable this low-complexity FDE, all known techniques use a cyclic prefix (CP). However, using a training sequence (TS) of known symbols instead of a CP offers some advantages: the additional known symbols can be used to improve synchronization and channel estimation, with the same performance of a CP. Nevertheless, using a TS for CPM-FDE is not trivial because the memory in a CPM waveform has to be taken into account to guarantee cyclicity and phase continuity after insertion of the TS into a block of input symbols. In this paper, we therefore propose a technique for constructing a TS for CPMFDE. Simulation results in a 60 GHz environment show that the proposed technique satisfies all requirements. The 60 GHz case is chosen because CPM with FDE has recently been proposed for communications at 60 GHz and the latest IEEE and ECMA standards for these frequencies mandate the use of a TS rather than a CP.
11Â citations
Cites background from "Frequency domain equalization for s..."
...Therefore, cheap, nonlinear power amplifiers can be used instead of expensive, power inefficient linear ones [5]....
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...These cyclic blocks are necessary to enable FDE with only one complex multiplication per sample [5]....
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...To lower this complexity, channel equalization can be done in the frequency domain rather than in the time domain [5]....
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TL;DR: A formula for the mean-squared sample error in the case of wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) channels is derived and the design of windows optimized for WSSUS channels with known statistical properties can be formulated as a convex optimization problem.
Abstract: We adopt the concept of channel diagonalization to time-frequency signal expansions obtained by DFT filter banks. As a generalization of the frequency domain channel representation used by conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing receivers, the time-frequency domain channel diagonalization can be applied to time-variant channels and aperiodic signals. An inherent error in the case of doubly dispersive channels can be limited by choosing adequate windows underlying the filter banks. We derive a formula for the mean-squared sample error in the case of wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) channels, which serves as objective function in the window optimization. Furthermore, an enhanced scheme for the parameterization of tight Gabor frames enables us to constrain the window in order to define paraunitary filter banks. We show that the design of windows optimized for WSSUS channels with known statistical properties can be formulated as a convex optimization problem. The performance of the resulting windows is investigated under different channel conditions, for different oversampling factors, and compared against the performance of alternative windows. Finally, a generic matched filter receiver incorporating the proposed channel diagonalization is discussed which may be essential for future reconfigurable radio systems.
11Â citations
Cites background from "Frequency domain equalization for s..."
...In [2] the computational complexities of time and frequency domain equalizers are compared and it is shown that FDE is simpler when the length of the stationary channel impulse response exceeds the sample time by a factor of 5 or more....
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16 May 2010
TL;DR: This paper proposes joint MMSE-FDE & spectrum combining which can achieve the frequency diversity gain while suppressing the negative impact of timing offset for the SC transmission.
Abstract: Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion is a promising equalization technique for the broadband single-carrier (SC) transmission. However, the presence of timing offset produces the inter-symbol interference (ISI) and degrades the bit error rate (BER) performance. As the roll-off factor of the transmit filter increases, the performance degradation gets larger. In this paper, we propose joint MMSE-FDE & spectrum combining which can achieve the frequency diversity gain while suppressing the negative impact of timing offset for the SC transmission.
11Â citations
Cites methods from "Frequency domain equalization for s..."
...The use of the frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion can improve significantly the BER performance [4]-[6]....
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...5] MMSE-FDE [4-7] MMSE-FDE & spectrum combining [8] Joint MMSE-FDE & spectrum combining (Proposed)...
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...5] MMSE-FDE[4-7] MMSE-FDE & spectrum combining [8] Joint MMSE-FDE & spectrum combining (Proposed)...
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References
More filters
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a recursive least square adaptive filter (RLF) based on the Kalman filter, which is used as the unifying base for RLS Filters.
Abstract: Background and Overview. 1. Stochastic Processes and Models. 2. Wiener Filters. 3. Linear Prediction. 4. Method of Steepest Descent. 5. Least-Mean-Square Adaptive Filters. 6. Normalized Least-Mean-Square Adaptive Filters. 7. Transform-Domain and Sub-Band Adaptive Filters. 8. Method of Least Squares. 9. Recursive Least-Square Adaptive Filters. 10. Kalman Filters as the Unifying Bases for RLS Filters. 11. Square-Root Adaptive Filters. 12. Order-Recursive Adaptive Filters. 13. Finite-Precision Effects. 14. Tracking of Time-Varying Systems. 15. Adaptive Filters Using Infinite-Duration Impulse Response Structures. 16. Blind Deconvolution. 17. Back-Propagation Learning. Epilogue. Appendix A. Complex Variables. Appendix B. Differentiation with Respect to a Vector. Appendix C. Method of Lagrange Multipliers. Appendix D. Estimation Theory. Appendix E. Eigenanalysis. Appendix F. Rotations and Reflections. Appendix G. Complex Wishart Distribution. Glossary. Abbreviations. Principal Symbols. Bibliography. Index.
16,062Â citations
"Frequency domain equalization for s..." refers methods in this paper
...Adaptation can be done with LMS (least mean square), RLS, or least squares minimization (LS) techniques, analogous to adaptation of time domain equalizers [Hay96], [Cla98]....
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...Overlap-save or overlap-add signal processing techniques could also be used to avoid the extra overhead of the cyclic prefix [Fer85], [Hay96]....
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TL;DR: The analysis and simulation of a technique for combating the effects of multipath propagation and cochannel interference on a narrow-band digital mobile channel using the discrete Fourier transform to orthogonally frequency multiplex many narrow subchannels, each signaling at a very low rate, into one high-rate channel is discussed.
Abstract: This paper discusses the analysis and simulation of a technique for combating the effects of multipath propagation and cochannel interference on a narrow-band digital mobile channel. This system uses the discrete Fourier transform to orthogonally frequency multiplex many narrow subchannels, each signaling at a very low rate, into one high-rate channel. When this technique is used with pilot-based correction, the effects of flat Rayleigh fading can be reduced significantly. An improvement in signal-to-interference ratio of 6 dB can be obtained over the bursty Rayleigh channel. In addition, with each subchannel signaling at a low rate, this technique can provide added protection against delay spread. To enhance the behavior of the technique in a heavily frequency-selective environment, interpolated pilots are used. A frequency offset reference scheme is employed for the pilots to improve protection against cochannel interference.
2,627Â citations
"Frequency domain equalization for s..." refers background in this paper
...OFDM transmits multiple modulated subcarriers in parallel [ 1 ]....
[...]
...Several variations of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) have been proposed as effective anti-multipath techniques, primarily because of the favorable trade-off they offer between performance in severe multipath and signal processing complexity [ 1 ]....
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TL;DR: In this contribution the transmission of M-PSK and M-QAM modulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signals over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is considered and the degradation of the bit error rate is evaluated.
Abstract: In this contribution the transmission of M-PSK and M-QAM modulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signals over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is considered. The degradation of the bit error rate (BER), caused by the presence of carrier frequency offset and carrier phase noise is analytically evaluated. It is shown that for a given BER degradation, the values of the frequency offset and the linewidth of the carrier generator that are allowed for OFDM are orders of magnitude smaller than for single carrier systems carrying the same bit rate. >
1,816Â citations
TL;DR: This correspondence describes the construction of complex codes of the form exp i \alpha_k whose discrete circular autocorrelations are zero for all nonzero lags.
Abstract: This correspondence describes the construction of complex codes of the form exp i \alpha_k whose discrete circular autocorrelations are zero for all nonzero lags. There is no restriction on code lengths.
1,624Â citations