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Journal ArticleDOI

Frequency down-conversion of solid-state laser sources to the mid-infrared spectral range using non-oxide nonlinear crystals

01 Jul 2015-Progress in Quantum Electronics (Pergamon)-Vol. 42, pp 1-106
TL;DR: In this article, the development of parametric devices down-converting the laser frequency to the mid-infrared (3-30 µm) based on non-oxide nonlinear optical crystals is reviewed.
About: This article is published in Progress in Quantum Electronics.The article was published on 2015-07-01. It has received 335 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Optical parametric amplifier & Cross-polarized wave generation.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Fei Liang1, Lei Kang1, Zheshuai Lin1, Yicheng Wu1, Chuangtian Chen1 
TL;DR: In this article, a 3D framework connected by various sulfide tetrahedral units, such as PS4, SiS4, GeS4 and AgS4 is characterized for nonlinear optical applications in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral region.

247 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the discovery of superior mid-IR NLO metal chalcogenides is still a big challenge mainly due to the difficulty of achieving a good balance between the NLO effect and laser damage threshold (LDT).
Abstract: Mid-infrared (IR) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with high performance are vital to expanding the laser wavelengths into the mid-IR region and have important technological applications in many civil and military fields. For the last two decades metal chalcogenides have attracted great attention since many of them possess a large NLO effect, wide transparent range, moderate birefringence, and high resistance to laser damage. However, the discovery of superior mid-IR NLO metal chalcogenides is still a big challenge mainly due to the difficulty of achieving a good balance between the NLO effect and laser damage threshold (LDT). In this review, metal chalcogenides are catalogued according to the different types of microscopic building blocks. These groups include triangle planar units, tetrahedral metal-centered units, polyhedra with second-order John-Teller cations, and polyhedra with stereochemically active lone electron pairs cations, rare-earth cations, and/or halogen anions. The determinations of thes...

242 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the structure-performance relationship for 49 compounds and the result shows that alkali or/and alkaline earth metals must be the preferred cations to maintain the wide optical bandgap.

165 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The computer-assisted exploration for new functional NLO materials is useful for understanding structure-property relationships and can provide researchers with a new approach to cost-effective and data-driven materials design.
Abstract: A hot topic in materials science is to search for nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals, which are indispensable in current laser technology, future optical information, and precision measurements. In the period of the 1980s and 1990s, the anionic group theory proposed by Prof. Chuangtian Chen has greatly promoted the inventions of BaB2O4 (BBO), LiB3O5 (LBO), and KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) which are widely applied in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral region today. From the beginning of this century, the rapid development of laser science and technology urgently demands new NLO crystals for wider application ranges. However, commercial NLO crystals in deep-UV and mid-infrared (mid-IR) regions are scarce. The challenge arises from the stringent criteria at various wavelengths and inefficient exploration strategy. As such, more comprehensive and quantitative theoretical guidance is necessary to improve and supplement the NLO structure-property understandings. Benefiting from high-performance computing resources, first-principles design and simulations came into being, which is more applicable to the understanding of mid-IR NLO mechanism and suitable for the efficient design of new NLO structures for current needs. In the past decade, a complete set of computational research programs based on first-principles simulations have been developed, which have promoted the development of NLO crystals in the deep-UV and mid-IR regions, and guided the subsequent and further experimental explorations. Based on our developed first-principles materials design system, the discoveries of NLO materials have ranged from basic theoretical design to rapid-prototyping and final experimental synthesis. In this Account, we will concisely summarize our ab initio guided and forward-looking studies on NLO crystals, which are our original contributions to this field and can be consulted by other material fields. First, we will review the development of NLO crystals and the important features of NLO materials. Second, we will summarize the important role of computer-aided design in advancing the NLO material field and our developed NLO material design system based on the first-principles simulations. Third, we will introduce the first-principles design for new deep-UV NLO crystals using two novel design proposals, i.e., interlayer cationic replacement and intralayer anionic substitution. Meanwhile, we will illustrate the hierarchical molecular engineering optimizations for mid-IR NLO crystals by illustrating an extended mid-IR NLO family pedigree, from which many promising mid-IR NLO systems were predicted theoretically and confirmed experimentally. Finally, we will give an outlook to explore new functional NLO crystals guided by our first-principles design and simulations. We believe that the computer-assisted exploration for new functional NLO materials is useful for understanding structure-property relationships and can provide researchers with a new approach to cost-effective and data-driven materials design.

151 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between the structural features and NLO performances in the reported metal halide NLO materials is investigated, and the determination rules of these microscopic structures on NLO properties in metal halides are summarized and analyzed on the basis of the combination of available experimental data and first-principles results.

131 citations

References
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01 Oct 1966
TL;DR: In this method, non-linear susceptibility tensors are introduced which relate the induced dipole moment to a power series expansion in field strengths and the various experimental observations are described and interpreted in terms of this formalism.
Abstract: Recent advances in the field of nonlinear optical phenomena are reviewed with particular empphasis placed on such topics as parametric oscillation self-focusing and trapping of laser beams, and stimulated Raman, Rayleigh, and Brillouin scattering. The optical frequency radiation is treated classically in terms of the amplitudes and phases of the electromagnetic fields. The interactions of light waves in a mterial are then formulated in terms of Maxwell's equations and the electric dipole approximation. In this method, non-linear susceptibility tensors are introdueed which relate the induced dipole moment to a power series expansion in field strengths. The tensor nature and the frequency dependence of the nonlinearity coefficients are considered. The various experimental, observations are described and interpreted in terms of this formalism.

3,893 citations


"Frequency down-conversion of solid-..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...the total intensity in a lossless medium is conserved [1,6]....

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  • ...general a complex function of frequency [1]....

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  • ...Crystal Point group Plane θ/φ [1] (Interaction) deff [pm/V] Thermal conductivity...

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  • ...From the 21 noncentrosymmetric classes, the remaining 3 are isotropic, for one of them deff 0 while for the other two, the high symmetry reduces dil to a single component d14 even without the Kleinman condition [1,4]....

    [...]

  • ...all three dijk indices can be freely permuted, the independent components of dil remain only 10 [1,6]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the induced nonlinear electric dipole and higher moments in an atomic system, irradiated simultaneously by two or three light waves, are calculated by quantum-mechanical perturbation theory.
Abstract: The induced nonlinear electric dipole and higher moments in an atomic system, irradiated simultaneously by two or three light waves, are calculated by quantum-mechanical perturbation theory. Terms quadratic and cubic in the field amplitudes are included. An important permutation symmetry relation for the nonlinear polarizability is derived and its frequency dependence is discussed. The nonlinear microscopic properties are related to an effective macroscopic nonlinear polarization, which may be incorporated into Maxwell's equations for an infinite, homogeneous, anisotropic, nonlinear, dielectric medium. Energy and power relationships are derived for the nonlinear dielectric which correspond to the Manley-Rowe relations in the theory of parametric amplifiers. Explicit solutions are obtained for the coupled amplitude equations, which describe the interaction between a plane light wave and its second harmonic or the interaction between three plane electromagnetic waves, which satisfy the energy relationship ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{3}={\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$, and the approximate momentum relationship ${\mathrm{k}}_{3}={\mathrm{k}}_{1}+{\mathrm{k}}_{2}+\ensuremath{\Delta}\mathrm{k}$. Third-harmonic generation and interaction between more waves is mentioned. Applications of the theory to the dc and microwave Kerr effect, light modulation, harmonic generation, and parametric conversion are discussed.

3,511 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theory of quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation in both the space domain and the wave vector mismatch domain is presented in this paper, where various types of errors in the periodicity of these structures are analyzed to find their effects on the conversion efficiency and on the shape of the tuning curve.
Abstract: The theory of quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation is presented in both the space domain and the wave vector mismatch domain. Departures from ideal quasi-phase matching in periodicity, wavelength, angle of propagation, and temperature are examined to determine the tuning properties and acceptance bandwidths for second-harmonic generation in periodic structures. Numerical examples are tabulated for periodically poled lithium niobate. Various types of errors in the periodicity of these structures are then analyzed to find their effects on the conversion efficiency and on the shape of the tuning curve. This analysis is useful for establishing fabrication tolerances for practical quasi-phase-matched devices. A method of designing structures having desired phase-matching tuning curve shapes is also described. The method makes use of varying domain lengths to establish a varying effective nonlinear coefficient along the interaction length. >

2,137 citations