Frequency Response Services Designed for Energy Storage
TL;DR: Novel statistical techniques have been devised to quantify the design and operational requirements of ESS providing frequency regulation services, demonstrated via an illustrative service design and high-resolution frequency data from the Great Britain transmission system.
About: This article is published in Applied Energy.The article was published on 2017-10-01 and is currently open access. It has received 209 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Electric power system & Service design.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of battery energy storage systems for serving grid support in various application tasks based on real-world projects and their characteristics with respect to performance and aging.
Abstract: Battery energy storage systems have gained increasing interest for serving grid support in various application tasks. In particular, systems based on lithium-ion batteries have evolved rapidly with a wide range of cell technologies and system architectures available on the market. On the application side, different tasks for storage deployment demand distinct properties of the storage system. This review aims to serve as a guideline for best choice of battery technology, system design and operation for lithium-ion based storage systems to match a specific system application. Starting with an overview to lithium-ion battery technologies and their characteristics with respect to performance and aging, the storage system design is analyzed in detail based on an evaluation of real-world projects. Typical storage system applications are grouped and classified with respect to the challenges posed to the battery system. Publicly available modeling tools for technical and economic analysis are presented. A brief analysis of optimization approaches aims to point out challenges and potential solution techniques for system sizing, positioning and dispatch operation. For all areas reviewed herein, expected improvements and possible future developments are highlighted. In order to extract the full potential of stationary battery storage systems and to enable increased profitability of systems, future research should aim to a holistic system level approach combining not only performance tuning on a battery cell level and careful analysis of the application requirements, but also consider a proper selection of storage sub-components as well as an optimized system operation strategy.
458 citations
Cites background from "Frequency Response Services Designe..."
..., minimum energy content of storage for continued power provision) [131], market profit scheme [127] as well as storage system operation strategy [132,133] is a prerequisite for profitable BESS operation in this application....
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TL;DR: This paper makes a review on the above mentioned aspects, including the emerging frequency regulation services, updated grid codes and grid-scale ESS projects, and some key technical issues are discussed and prospects are outlined.
Abstract: Electric power systems foresee challenges in stability due to the high penetration of power electronics interfaced renewable energy sources. The value of energy storage systems (ESS) to provide fast frequency response has been more and more recognized. Although the development of energy storage technologies has made ESSs technically feasible to be integrated in larger scale with required performance, the policies, grid codes and economic issues are still presenting barriers for wider application and investment. Recent years, a few regions and countries have designed new services to meet the upcoming grid challenges. A number of grid-scale ESS projects are also implemented aiming to trial performance, demonstrate values, and gain experience. This paper makes a review on the above mentioned aspects, including the emerging frequency regulation services, updated grid codes and grid-scale ESS projects. Some key technical issues are also discussed and prospects are outlined.
134 citations
Cites background from "Frequency Response Services Designe..."
...techno-economic benefits [67], [77] for these new services....
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TL;DR: An approach for finding the optimum BESS size for an islanded microgrid power system is proposed based on an existing case study, under which the most severe contingencies of generation loss and load loss have been accounted for, as well as different levels of penetration of renewable energy sources.
86 citations
TL;DR: A novel mixed integer linear programming unit commitment formulation that simultaneously optimizes energy production and the allocation of inertial response, enhanced frequency response (EFR), and primary response (PR) against largest plant outage is proposed.
Abstract: Future changes in the generation mix may reduce the overall amount of system inertia. It becomes crucial to provide response services more quickly to secure postfault transient frequency dynamics. This paper proposes a novel mixed integer linear programming unit commitment formulation that simultaneously optimizes energy production and the allocation of inertial response (IR), enhanced frequency response (EFR), and primary response (PR) against largest plant outage. A set of linearized inertia-dependent and multispeed constraints on frequency evolution explicitly recognizes the quicker provision of EFR compared to PR and their mutual interplay with IR. The proposed model is applied to analyze a typical 2030 GB low-carbon scenario. Results demonstrate the value, as reduction of system operational cost, when battery storage provides EFR, facilitating a cost-efficient transition toward the low-carbon electricity sector.
82 citations
Cites background from "Frequency Response Services Designe..."
...This concept was demonstrated only at simulation, level for specific system conditions in [9], [10], [11]....
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TL;DR: The work proposes a review of those called traditional and those who combined the traditional controller and artificial intelligence algorithms, and introduces the need of more controllers when taking into account the integration of renewable energy sources into the traditional power system.
80 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, a maximum likelihood estimator is developed for determining time delay between signals received at two spatially separated sensors in the presence of uncorrelated noise, where the role of the prefilters is to accentuate the signal passed to the correlator at frequencies for which the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio is highest and suppress the noise power.
Abstract: A maximum likelihood (ML) estimator is developed for determining time delay between signals received at two spatially separated sensors in the presence of uncorrelated noise. This ML estimator can be realized as a pair of receiver prefilters followed by a cross correlator. The time argument at which the correlator achieves a maximum is the delay estimate. The ML estimator is compared with several other proposed processors of similar form. Under certain conditions the ML estimator is shown to be identical to one proposed by Hannan and Thomson [10] and MacDonald and Schultheiss [21]. Qualitatively, the role of the prefilters is to accentuate the signal passed to the correlator at frequencies for which the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio is highest and, simultaneously, to suppress the noise power. The same type of prefiltering is provided by the generalized Eckart filter, which maximizes the S/N ratio of the correlator output. For low S/N ratio, the ML estimator is shown to be equivalent to Eckart prefiltering.
4,317 citations
Additional excerpts
...A cross correlation [34], shown in Fig....
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TL;DR: In this article, an enhanced test system (RTS-96) is described for use in bulk power system reliability evaluation studies, which will permit comparative and benchmark studies to be performed on new and existing reliability evaluation techniques.
Abstract: This report describes an enhanced test system (RTS-96) for use in bulk power system reliability evaluation studies. The value of the test system is that it will permit comparative and benchmark studies to be performed on new and existing reliability evaluation techniques. The test system was developed by modifying and updating the original IEEE RTS (referred to as RTS-79 hereafter) to reflect changes in evaluation methodologies and to overcome perceived deficiencies.
3,040 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a complete dynamic model of a lithium ion battery that is suitable for virtual prototyping of portable battery-powered systems, based on publicly available data such as the manufacturers' data sheets.
Abstract: Presents here a complete dynamic model of a lithium ion battery that is suitable for virtual-prototyping of portable battery-powered systems. The model accounts for nonlinear equilibrium potentials, rate- and temperature-dependencies, thermal effects and response to transient power demand. The model is based on publicly available data such as the manufacturers' data sheets. The Sony US18650 is used as an example. The model output agrees both with manufacturer's data and with experimental results. The model can be easily modified to fit data from different batteries and can be extended for wide dynamic ranges of different temperatures and current rates.
784 citations
"Frequency Response Services Designe..." refers background in this paper
...However, although EFR requires a fast response in power network terms, this is not a fast response in electrochemical terms, and the rate-limitations come from the power conversion equipment, rather than the battery, which justified the use of an emulator in this case [24]....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic concepts of a Power System Control of Power and Frequency Control of Voltage and Reactive Power Load Flows Fault Analysis Stability Limits Direct Current Transmission Overvoltages and Insulation Requirements Overhead Lines and Underground Cables Protection Appendices Index.
Abstract: Basic Concepts Components of a Power System Control of Power and Frequency Control of Voltage and Reactive Power Load Flows Fault Analysis Stability Limits Direct Current Transmission Overvoltages and Insulation Requirements Overhead Lines and Underground Cables Protection Appendices Index.
757 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used dynamic simulations to study the provision of such a dynamic frequency control support by energy storage systems in the French island of Guadeloupe with large shares of wind or solar generation, and showed that fast-acting storage, by acting as a synthetic inertia, can mitigate the impact of these sources on the dynamic performance of the studied island grid in the case of a major generation outage.
Abstract: In electrical islands, frequency excursions are sizeable and automatic load shedding is often required in response to disturbances. Moreover, the displacement of conventional generation with wind and solar plants, which usually do not provide inertial response, further weakens these power systems. Fast-acting storage, by injecting power within instants after the loss of a generating unit, can back up conventional generation assets during the activation of their primary reserve. This paper relies on dynamic simulations to study the provision of such a dynamic frequency control support by energy storage systems in the French island of Guadeloupe with large shares of wind or solar generation. The results show that fast-acting storage, by acting as a synthetic inertia, can mitigate the impact of these sources on the dynamic performance of the studied island grid in the case of a major generation outage. The other concerns raised by renewables (e.g., variability, forecast accuracy, low voltage ride-through, etc.) have not been addressed within this project.
654 citations
"Frequency Response Services Designe..." refers background in this paper
...This type of system has also been studied extensively, using a variety of control systems and technologies [9,11,13]....
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