Fresnel Zone Plate for Optical Image Formation Using Extreme Ultraviolet and Soft X Radiation
01 Apr 1961-Journal of the Optical Society of America (Optical Society of America)-Vol. 51, Iss: 4, pp 405-412
TL;DR: In this article, a new Fresnel zone plate was constructed which can focus ultraviolet radiation of any wavelength down to the soft x-ray region, using a set of thin circular gold bands made self supporting by radial struts.
Abstract: A new type of Fresnel zone plate has been constructed which can focus ultraviolet radiation of any wavelength down to the soft x-ray region. It consists of a set of thin circular gold bands made self supporting by radial struts, leaving the transparent zones empty. Experimental tests at 6700, 4358, and 2537 A showed that the theoretical minimum angular resolution obeys the Rayleigh criterion, sinθmin=1.22λ/D. The diameter of the zone plate is D=0.26 cm and contains 19 opaque zones, the narrowest of which measured about 20 μ across. The zone plate was better than the optimum pinhole in resolution by a factor of about 6 and in speed by a factor of 40. The zone plate produced pictures that compared favorably with those made with a lens of similar focal length and aperture. The lens was about 20 times faster than the zone plate at 4358 A, but at 1000 A the zone plate would have been far faster than the lens. Focusing tests are contemplated at 1000 A and at 100 A where lenses and mirrors, the conventional image-forming devices, may fail. The angular resolution at 2537 A was close to the theoretical value of 1.2×10−4 rad and held over a field of at least 1.75×10−2 rad, which is 2.0 times the angle subtended by the sun’s disk at the earth. A zone plate telescope, operating in the soft x-ray or extreme ultraviolet region, far above the earth’s atmosphere in an orbiting satellite, now seems possible.
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01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: One of the most popular books now is the synchrotron radiation research research as discussed by the authors, which is why searching for this popular book in this website will give you benefit, and when you have found the store to buy the book, it will be so hurt when you run out of it.
Abstract: It's not surprisingly when entering this site to get the book. One of the popular books now is the synchrotron radiation research. You may be confused because you can't find the book in the book store around your city. Commonly, the popular book will be sold quickly. And when you have found the store to buy the book, it will be so hurt when you run out of it. This is why, searching for this popular book in this website will give you benefit. You will not run out of this book.
669 citations
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TL;DR: The answer depends on a combination of resolution, penetrating power, analytical sensitivity, compatibility with wet specimens, and the ease of image interpretation.
Abstract: In this review we propose to address the question: for the life-science researcher, what does X-ray microscopy have to offer that is not otherwise easily available?We will see that the answer depends on a combination of resolution, penetrating power, analytical sensitivity, compatibility with wet specimens, and the ease of image interpretation.
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TL;DR: A review of recent work in the development of direct image-forming X-ray microscopy techniques and the relevant applications can be found in this article, including three-dimensional biological tomography, dynamical processes in magnetic nanostructures, chemical speciation studies, industrial applications related to solar cells and batteries, and studies of archaeological materials.
Abstract: Recent years have seen significant progress in the field of soft- and hard-X-ray microscopy, both technically, through developments in source, optics and imaging methodologies, and also scientifically, through a wide range of applications While an ever-growing community is pursuing the extensive applications of today's available X-ray tools, other groups are investigating improvements in techniques, including new optics, higher spatial resolutions, brighter compact sources and shorter-duration X-ray pulses This Review covers recent work in the development of direct image-forming X-ray microscopy techniques and the relevant applications, including three-dimensional biological tomography, dynamical processes in magnetic nanostructures, chemical speciation studies, industrial applications related to solar cells and batteries, and studies of archaeological materials and historical works of art
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TL;DR: Streubel et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a review of the application potential of three-dimensional-shaped objects as magnetic field sensorics for magnetofluidic applications, spin-wave filters, advanced magneto-encephalography devices for diagnosis of epilepsy or for energy-efficient racetrack memory devices.
Abstract: Author(s): Streubel, R; Fischer, P; Kronast, F; Kravchuk, VP; Sheka, DD; Gaididei, Y; Schmidt, OG; Makarov, D | Abstract: Extending planar two-dimensional structures into the three-dimensional space has become a general trend in multiple disciplines, including electronics, photonics, plasmonics and magnetics. This approach provides means to modify conventional or to launch novel functionalities by tailoring the geometry of an object, e.g. its local curvature. In a generic electronic system, curvature results in the appearance of scalar and vector geometric potentials inducing anisotropic and chiral effects. In the specific case of magnetism, even in the simplest case of a curved anisotropic Heisenberg magnet, the curvilinear geometry manifests two exchange-driven interactions, namely effective anisotropy and antisymmetric exchange, i.e. Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya-like interaction. As a consequence, a family of novel curvature-driven effects emerges, which includes magnetochiral effects and topologically induced magnetization patterning, resulting in theoretically predicted unlimited domain wall velocities, chirality symmetry breaking and Cherenkov-like effects for magnons. The broad range of altered physical properties makes these curved architectures appealing in view of fundamental research on e.g. skyrmionic systems, magnonic crystals or exotic spin configurations. In addition to these rich physics, the application potential of three-dimensionally shaped objects is currently being explored as magnetic field sensorics for magnetofluidic applications, spin-wave filters, advanced magneto-encephalography devices for diagnosis of epilepsy or for energy-efficient racetrack memory devices. These recent developments ranging from theoretical predictions over fabrication of three-dimensionally curved magnetic thin films, hollow cylinders or wires, to their characterization using integral means as well as the development of advanced tomography approaches are in the focus of this review.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived the third-order and chromatic aberrations of the zone plate and showed that the image may be diffraction limited only if the illumination is relatively monochromatic.
Abstract: The zone plate is an optical device that depends on interference, not reflection or refraction, for its image-forming properties. Although the irradiance at the focus is only 110 that of a lens with the same aperture, a zone plate with 100 or more zones is capable of resolution equal to that of the lens. Zone plates can be used in spectral regions where conventional optics are unavailable and for special applications in the visible spectrum. This paper derives the third-order and chromatic aberrations of the zone plate. The image may be diffraction limited only if the illumination is relatively monochromatic. Like the pinhole camera, the zone plate turns out not to suffer from linear distortion, even at very wide fields.
179 citations
References
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TL;DR: Several conceivable methods for the formation of optical images by x-rays are considered, and a method employing concave mirrors is adopted as the most promising.
Abstract: Several conceivable methods for the formation of optical images by x-rays are considered, and a method employing concave mirrors is adopted as the most promising. A concave spherical mirror receiving radiation at grazing incidence (a necessary arrangement with x-rays) images a point into a line in accordance with a focal length f=Ri/2 where R is the radius of curvature and i the grazing angle. The image is subject to an aberration such that a ray reflected at the periphery of the mirror misses the focal point of central rays by a distance given approximately by S=1.5Mr2/R, where M is the magnification of the image and r is the radius of the mirror face. The theoretically possible resolving power is such as to resolve point objects separated by about 70A, a limit which is independent of the wave-length used. Point images of points and therefore extended images of extended objects may be produced by causing the radiation to reflect from two concave mirrors in series. Sample results are presented.
1,149 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that a coherent monochromatic wave can be used to reconstruct the original image of an object from its mirror image with respect to the coherent background.
Abstract: The subject of this paper is a new two-step method of optical imagery. In a first step the object is illuminated with a coherent monochromatic wave, and the diffraction pattern resulting from the interference of the coherent secondary wave issuing from the object with the strong, coherent background is recorded on a photographic plate. If the photographic plate, suitably processed, is replaced in the original position and illuminated with the coherent background alone, an image of the object will appear behind it, in the original position. It is shown that this process reconstructs the coherent secondary wave, together with an equally strong ‘twin wave’ which has the same amplitude, but opposite phase shifts relative to the background. The illuminating wave itself can be used for producing the coherent background. The simplest case is illumination by a point source. In this case the two twin waves are shown to correspond to two ‘twin objects’, one of which is the original, while the other is its mirror image with respect to the illuminating centre. A physical aperture can be used as a point source, or the image of an aperture produced by a condenser system . If this system has aberrations, such as astigmatism or spherical aberration, the twin image will be no longer sharp but will appear blurred, as if viewed through a system with twice the aberrations of the condenser. In either case the correct image of the object can be effectively isolated from its twin, and separately observed. Three-dimensional objects can be reconstructed, as well as two-dimensional. The wave used in the reconstruction need not be the original, it can be, for example, a light-optical imitation of the electron wave with which the diffraction diagram was taken. Thus it becomes possible to extend the idea of Sir Lawrence Bragg’s ‘X -ray microscope’ to arbitrary objects, and use the new method for improvements in electron microscopy. The apparatus will consist of two parts, an electronic device in which a diffraction pattern is taken with electrons diverging from a fine focus, and an optical synthetizer, which imitates the essential data of the electronic device on a much enlarged scale. The theory of the analysis-synthesis cycle is developed, with a discussion of the impurities arising in the reconstruction, and their avoidance. The limitations of the new method are due chiefly to the small intensities which are available in coherent beams, but it appears perfectly feasible to achieve a resolution limit of 1 A, ultimately perhaps even better.
1,005 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the factors which affect resolution in diffraction microscopy are studied and the minimum theoretical resolvable distance between two point objects is limited by d and N but not by the wavelengths used in the analysis and reconstruction.
Abstract: The factors which affect resolution in diffraction microscopy are studied. The inequality pλ>4nd/N is a necessary condition for making good holograms, where p is the distance between source and film, d is the diameter of the source, and λ is its wavelength, n is the number of recorded central bands of the diffraction pattern, and N is the resolving power of the film. The minimum theoretical resolvable distance between two point objects is limited by d and N but not by the wavelengths used in the analysis and reconstruction. Possible applications to the focusing of x-rays by Gabor techniques and by a single Fresnel zone plate are considered.
146 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the conditions for preparing evaporated Al films of highest reflectance for mirrors and gratings to be used in the vacuum ultraviolet are summarized, and an account is given of aging studies.
Abstract: The conditions for preparing evaporated Al films of highest reflectance for mirrors and gratings to be used in the vacuum ultraviolet are summarized, and an account is given of aging studies. The preparation of bloom-free, one-micron thick coatings for grating blanks is described, and the effect of thin overcoatings on the efficiency of ruled gratings is discussed. Data are presented on the reflectance and aging of other film materials, such as Pt, ZnS, and Al2O3, which are more suitable for use at wavelengths below 1200 A. A discussion is given of the preparation and the reflecting properties of various multilayer film combinations suitable for reducing the reflectance of mirrors and gratings in the visible and the near ultraviolet while at the same time preserving a high reflectance in the extreme ultraviolet. A 250-A thick layer of MgF2 evaporated onto an Al coating immediately after its deposition was found both to raise the reflectance to about 80% at wavelengths down to 1200 A, and to retard aging.
140 citations