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Friction and wear
01 Jan 1980-
About: The article was published on 1980-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 924 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Lubricity & Tribometer.
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TL;DR: In this review, the evolution of different metals, ceramics and polymers most commonly used in orthopaedic applications is discussed, as well as the different approaches used to fulfil the challenges faced by this medical field.
Abstract: At present, strong requirements in orthopaedics are still to be met, both in bone and joint substitution and in the repair and regeneration of bone defects. In this framework, tremendous advances in the biomaterials field have been made in the last 50 years where materials intended for biomedical purposes have evolved through three different generations, namely first generation (bioinert materials), second generation (bioactive and biodegradable materials) and third generation (materials designed to stimulate specific responses at the molecular level). In this review, the evolution of different metals, ceramics and polymers most commonly used in orthopaedic applications is discussed, as well as the different approaches used to fulfil the challenges faced by this medical field.
1,220 citations
TL;DR: The potential of wear-Mechanism diagrams is explored in this paper, where the rate and the regime of dominance of dry wear mechanisms are investigated empirically and by modelling by theoretical analysis calibrated to experiment.
961 citations
TL;DR: The third-body approach highlights the many features which are common to different types of materials in different kinds of rubbing contacts, and suggests that a picture which is globally coherent from a mechanical point of view, in that it obeys as a first step the laws of equilibrium and continuity, can be presented.
866 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a large body of experimental and theoretical literature on friction is critically reviewed and interpreted as a basis for models of dynamic friction phenomena, and a continuum model of interfaces is developed which simulate key interface properties identified in Part I.
803 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a procedure for direct quantitative microscopic observation of frictional contacts during slip and reveal that frictional state dependence represents an increase of contact area with contact age.
Abstract: Rocks and many other materials display a rather complicated, but characteristic, dependence of friction on sliding history. These effects are well-described by empirical rate- and state-dependent constitutive formulations which have been utilized for analysis of fault slip and earthquake processes. We present a procedure for direct quantitative microscopic observation of frictional contacts during slip. The observations reveal that frictional state dependence represents an increase of contact area with contact age. Transient changes of sliding resistance correlate with changes in contact area and arise from shifts of contact population age. Displacement-dependent replacement of contact populations is shown to cause the diagnostic evolution of friction over a characteristic sliding distance that occurs whenever slip begins or sliding conditions change.
797 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical treatment is given of the dependence of friction on load for a rough-surfaced elastic body which covers the load range in which the surface asperities become completely flattened.
Abstract: It was concluded in the preceding paper that there was a significant difference between the indices m and n in the expression A = βWm and F = αWn by which the contact area A and the friction F were found to be related to the load W when nylon 610 slid on glass. A discussion of published adhesion theories of the friction of elastic bodies shows that the difference n – m is too small to be attributed to roughness of the nylon surface. It is concluded that under the contact pressures used the nylon surface was effectively smooth and that the friction of a unit area of “true” (i.e., molecular) contact between nylon and glass increased with pressure P as about P1/4. A theoretical treatment is given of the dependence of friction on load for a rough-surfaced elastic body which covers the load range in which the surface asperities become completely flattened. It is shown that from measurements of the elastic properties of the body and feasible measurements of its surface texture one can estimate the load at which the dependence of friction on load changes from that for a rough to that for a smooth surface. Comparison with a published experiment is satisfactory.
12 citations