Friction stir welding for the transportation industries
TL;DR: Friction stir welding (FSW) as mentioned in this paper is a continuous hot shear autogenous process involving a nonconsumable rotating probe of harder material than the substrate itself, which produces solid-phase, low distortion, good appearance welds at relatively low cost.
About: This article is published in Materials & Design.The article was published on 1997-12-01. It has received 649 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Friction welding & Friction stir welding.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the fundamental understanding of the process and its metallurgical consequences, focusing on heat generation, heat transfer and plastic flow during welding, elements of tool design, understanding defect formation and the structure and properties of the welded materials.
1,811 citations
Cites background from "Friction stir welding for the trans..."
...There have been widespread benefits resulting from the application of FSW in for example, aerospace, shipbuilding, automotive and railway industries [7]....
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TL;DR: The microstructural distribution associated with a hardness profile in a friction-stir-welded, age-hardenable 6063 aluminum alloy has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy and orientation imaging microscopy as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The microstructural distribution associated with a hardness profile in a friction-stir-welded, age-hardenable 6063 aluminum alloy has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). The friction-stir process produces a softened region in the 6063 Al weld. Frictional heating and plastic flow during friction-stir welding create fine recrystallized grains in the weld zone and recovered grains in the thermomechanically affected zone. The hardness profile depends greatly on the precipitate distribution and only slightly on the grain size. The softened region is characterized by dissolution and growth of the precipitates during the welding. Simulated weld thermal cycles with different peak temperatures have shown that the precipitates are dissolved at temperatures higher than 675 K and that the density of the strengthening precipitate was reduced by thermal cycles lower than 675 K. A comparison between the thermal cycles and isothermal aging has suggested precipitation sequences in the softened region during friction-stir welding.
629 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of tool pin profile and tool shoulder diameter on FSP zone formation in AA6061 aluminium alloy has been analyzed macroscopically and the tensile properties of the joints have been evaluated and correlated with the FSP zones formation.
404 citations
TL;DR: Friction stir welding (FSW) is widely accepted to be one of the most significant welding techniques to emerge in the last 20 years and has been widely used for joining alloys in various industrial applications.
Abstract: The friction stir welding (FSW) technique is widely accepted to be one of the most significant welding techniques to emerge in the last 20 years. Friction stir welding of Al-alloys is now commonplace and is covered in several recent reviews, including one in this journal. Consequently, the technique is currently being used for joining of these alloys in various industrial applications. Complementary to these developments has been a dramatic increase in research into joining of other alloys and systems by FSW. This field is very active, but less mature. Thus, the aim of this review article is to build on our understanding of the fundamentals, as applied to Al-alloys that laid out in the previous review in this journal, and to address the current state-of-the-art of FSW developing beyond Al-alloys, including Mg-alloys, Cu-alloys, steels, Ti-alloys and metal matrix composites, focusing particularly on microstructural aspects, including texture formation, and the resulting properties of these joints. ...
385 citations
25 Jun 2007-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of FSP zone has been analyzed macroscopically and tensile properties of the joints have been evaluated and correlated with the friction stir processed (FSP) zone formation.
Abstract: AA2219 aluminium alloy has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio. Compared to the many fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. The welding parameters and tool pin profile play a major role in deciding the weld quality. In this investigation an attempt has been made to understand the influences of rotational speed and pin profile of the tool on friction stir processed (FSP) zone formation in AA2219 aluminium alloy. Five different tool pin profiles (straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, triangular and square) have been used to fabricate the joints at three different tool rotational speeds. The formation of FSP zone has been analysed macroscopically. Tensile properties of the joints have been evaluated and correlated with the FSP zone formation. From this investigation it is found that the square tool pin profile produces mechanically sound and metallurgically defect free welds compared to other tool pin profiles.
385 citations
References
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Patent•
05 Jan 1995TL;DR: An improved method of friction stir welding is based on enhanced flow of plasticized material both perpendicularly and vertically to the longitudinal extension of the adjacent assembled members by exposing the created plasticised material to a perpendicular pressure along the surface of the members and causing simultaneous material flow along the probe pin in the vertical direction as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An improved method of friction stir welding is based on enhanced flow of plasticised material both perpendicularly and vertically to the longitudinal extension of the adjacent assembled members by exposing the created plasticised material to a perpendicular pressure along the surface of the members and causing simultaneous material flow along the probe pin in the vertical direction allowing the plasticised material to solidify behind the probe. A non-consumable probe (1) is provided comprising a concave bottom part (23) with an interchangeable pin (24) having surface of threaded configuration and in a preferred embodiment comprising two or more laterally protruding blades.
218 citations