From the testing to the deployment of self-driving cars: Legal challenges to policymakers on the road ahead
01 Dec 2017-Computer Law & Security Review (Elsevier Advanced Technology)-Vol. 33, Iss: 6, pp 847-863
TL;DR: To what extent a different interpretation of the term ‘driver’ in traffic laws and international Conventions can accommodate the deployment of self-driving cars without a human driver present will be discussed in this article.
About: This article is published in Computer Law & Security Review.The article was published on 2017-12-01. It has received 42 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Vienna Convention on Road Traffic & Liability.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic review of the existing evidence base to understand capability, impact, planning, and policy issues associated with autonomous vehicles is presented, and the authors advocate the necessity of preparing our cities for autonomous vehicles, although a wider uptake may take quite some time.
Abstract: Advancement in automated driving technology has created opportunities for smart urban mobility. Automated vehicles are now a popular topic with the rise of the smart city agenda. However, legislators, urban administrators, policymakers, and planners are unprepared to deal with the possible disruption of autonomous vehicles, which potentially could replace conventional transport. There is a lack of knowledge on how the new capabilities will disrupt and which policy strategies are needed to address such disruption. This paper aims to determine where we are, where we are headed, what the likely impacts of a wider uptake could be, and what needs to be done to generate desired smart urban mobility outcomes. The methodology includes a systematic review of the existing evidence base to understand capability, impact, planning, and policy issues associated with autonomous vehicles. The review reveals the trajectories of technological development, disruptive effects caused by such development, strategies to address the disruptions, and possible gaps in the literature. The paper develops a framework outlining the inter-links among driving forces, uptake factors, impacts and possible interventions. It concludes by advocating the necessity of preparing our cities for autonomous vehicles, although a wider uptake may take quite some time.
135 citations
TL;DR: How social influence, system characteristics, and individual factors determine individual acceptance of autonomous driving is revealed, with implications for practitioners.
95 citations
TL;DR: Three approaches to the design of law-conforming AV are evaluated in light of the challenges posed by Dutch traffic law, which includes an assessment of the usefulness of AI & Law models of nonmonotonic reasoning, argumentation and case-based reasoning.
Abstract: Autonomous vehicles are one of the most spectacular recent developments of Artificial Intelligence. Among the problems that still need to be solved before they can fully autonomously participate in traffic is the one of making their behaviour conform to the traffic laws. This paper discusses this problem by way of a case study of Dutch traffic law. First it is discussed to what extent Dutch traffic law exhibits features that are traditionally said to pose challenges for AI & Law models, such as exceptions, rule conflicts, open texture and vagueness, rule change, and the need for commonsense knowledge. Then three approaches to the design of law-conforming AV are evaluated in light of the challenges posed by Dutch traffic law, which includes an assessment of the usefulness of AI & Law models of nonmonotonic reasoning, argumentation and case-based reasoning.
61 citations
Cites background from "From the testing to the deployment ..."
...With AV the legal problem is who counts as the driver (Vellinga, 2017): the human sitting behind the steering wheel, the AV, or perhaps the manufacturer of the AV? However, this is only a problem if observed traffic behaviour has to be legally classified....
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...Currently, there is much discussion among legal scholars on liability issues concerning AV when an AV causes an accident (Anderson et al, 2016; Vellinga, 2017)....
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...With AV the legal problem is who counts as the driver (Vellinga, 2017): the human sitting behind the steering wheel, the AV, or perhaps the manufacturer of the AV?...
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...See e.g. Anderson et al (2016), Leenes and Lucivero (2014), Palmerini et al (2014) and Vellinga (2017) for discussions of these issues and for further references....
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TL;DR: The results indicate that the intention of blaming AI comes from the perception of dissimilarity and the seriousness of outcomes influences the level of blame.
Abstract: This study conducted an experiment to test how the level of blame differs between an artificial intelligence (AI) and a human driver based on attribution theory and computers are social actors (CAS
47 citations
Cites background from "From the testing to the deployment ..."
...Self-driving cars are vehicles with automation technologies that do not require human interference for driving (Vellinga, 2017)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a scientometric analysis technique is applied to analyze 4,645 papers published between 1998 and 2017 to map out the research on AV for a better understanding of the trends, patterns, and interconnections, and critically reflect on their implications for research.
Abstract: Autonomous vehicles (AV) have become a symbol of futuristic and intelligent transport innovation This new driving technology has received heightened attention from academic, public, and private sectors Nonetheless, a big challenge limiting a clear understanding of AV research is its scale A large volume of literature is produced—covering various fields This paper aims to map out the research on AV for a better understanding of the trends, patterns, and interconnections, and it critically reflects on their implications for research A scientometric analysis technique is applied to analyze 4,645 papers published between 1998 and 2017 The findings disclose that (a) 877 percent of the AV studies was conducted by educational institutes; (b) Europe is the most productive continent in AV research with a 359 percent share of publications; (c) North America is the most influential continent in AV research, receiving 411 percent of the citations; (d) Over 50 percent of the studies were conducted during the last three years of the analysis period; (e) Urban and social contexts of AV research are still at their early stage; and (f) Relatively limited collaboration and knowledge sharing between academia and industry exist
40 citations
Cites background from "From the testing to the deployment ..."
...…planning for AV (Pöhler et al., 2019; Stead and Vaddadi, 2019), AV standards (Nowakowski et al., 2015), and AV regulations (Maurer et al, 2016; Vellinga, 2017) as technology becomes matured and level 4 (fully autonomous but driver can take control under certain weather conditions) and level 5…...
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