From weak to strong interactions: A comprehensive analysis of the topological and energetic properties of the electron density distribution involving X–H⋯F–Y systems

TL;DR: In this paper, the topological and energetic properties of the electron density distribution ρ(r) of isolated pairwise H⋯F interaction have been theoretically calculated at several geometries and represented against the corresponding internuclear distances.

Abstract: The topological and energetic properties of the electron density distribution ρ(r) of the isolated pairwise H⋯F interaction have been theoretically calculated at several geometries (0.8

TL;DR: In this paper, the hydrogen bond interaction energy (E HB ) of HF⋯HR (R = H, Li, Al, Cl, CCH) complexes under external electric fields is investigated in terms of the bonding distance and of several properties at the bond critical point.

TL;DR: In this article, the role of non-covalent interactions in the design of supramolecular packing motifs has been investigated in the context of molecular conformation determination in a crystal lattice.

Abstract: The design of compounds with novel and improved physico-chemical properties as advanced functional materials with a specific application spectrum requires the knowledge about possible supramolecular packing motifs and their experimental control in crystalline lattice. Besides the structure of the individual molecule, non-covalent interactions play a significant role in the determination of molecular conformation, along with the formation of three-dimensional supramolecular architecture in a crystal as a requirement for molecular recognition processes, and the related bioactivity. Involvement of functional groups will contribute to the formation of a predefined packing motif due to their well-defined interactions. The strength and directionality of these interactions create characteristic packing motifs, which can be used for the design of supramolecular arrangements by the development of appropriate strategies for the precise control of their topology. Most relevant of these non-covalent interactions are stacking interactions and hydrogen bonds, which have been subjects of extensive study in the last two decades. In recent literature, substantial efforts have been put in by various researchers towards the understanding of interactions involving organic fluorine and the role they play in generating different packing motifs which guides assembling of molecules in the crystal lattice.

TL;DR: The linear relationship between Gb and EHB is basis set superposition error (BSSE) free and allows to estimate the H‐bond energy without computing it by means of the supramolecular approach, and the Gb value can be recommended to be obtained from both density functional theory (DFT) computations with periodic boundary conditions and precise X‐ray diffraction experiments.

Abstract: The hydrogen bond (H-bond) energies are evaluated for 18 molecular crystals with 28 moderate and strong O-H···O bonds using the approaches based on the electron density properties, which are derived from the B3LYP/6-311G** calculations with periodic boundary conditions. The approaches considered explore linear relationships between the local electronic kinetic G(b) and potential V(b) densities at the H···O bond critical point and the H-bond energy E(HB). Comparison of the computed E(HB) values with the experimental data and enthalpies evaluated using the empirical correlation of spectral and thermodynamic parameters (Iogansen, Spectrochim. Acta Part A 1999, 55, 1585) enables to estimate the accuracy and applicability limits of the approaches used. The V(b)-E(HB) approach overestimates the energy of moderate H-bonds (E(HB) < 60 kJ/mol) by ~20% and gives unreliably high energies for crystals with strong H-bonds. On the other hand, the G(b)-E(HB) approach affords reliable results for the crystals under consideration. The linear relationship between G(b) and E(HB) is basis set superposition error (BSSE) free and allows to estimate the H-bond energy without computing it by means of the supramolecular approach. Therefore, for the evaluation of H-bond energies in molecular crystals, the G(b) value can be recommended to be obtained from both density functional theory (DFT) computations with periodic boundary conditions and precise X-ray diffraction experiments.

TL;DR: Topological analyses of the theoretically calculated electron densities for a large set of 163 hydrogen-bonded complexes show that HX interactions can be classified in families according to X (X=atom or pi orbital), and theoretical dependencies can be applied to the analysis of the experimental electron density for detecting either unconventional hydrogen bonds or problems in the modelling of the Experimental electron density.

Abstract: Topological analyses of the theoretically calculated electron densities for a large set of 163 hydrogen-bonded complexes show that H···X interactions can be classified in families according to X (X = atom or π orbital). Each family is characterised by a set of intrinsic dependencies between the topological and energetic properties of the electron density at the hydrogen-bond critical point, as well as between each of them and the bonding distance. Comparing different atom-acceptor families, these dependencies are classified as a function of the van der Waals radius r X or the electronegativity χ X , which can be explained in terms of the molecular orbitals involved in the interaction. According to this ordering, the increase of χ X leads to a larger range of H···X distances for which the interaction is of pure closed-shell type. Same dependencies observed for H···O interactions experimentally characterised by means of high-resolution X-ray diffraction data show a good agreement with those obtained from theoretical calculations, in spite of a larger dispersion of values around the expected fitting functions in the experimental case. Theoretical dependencies can thus be applied to the analysis of the experimental electron density for detecting either unconventional hydrogen bonds or problems in the modelling of the experimental electron density.

TL;DR: A profound study of halogen complexes in the framework of the AIM theory was performed, and a good correlation between the density at the intermolecular bond critical point and the energy interaction was found.

Abstract: Density functional theory (DFT) and atoms in molecules theory (AIM) were used to study the characteristic of the noncovalent interactions in complexes formed between Lewis bases (NH3, H2O, and H2S) and Lewis acids (ClF, BrF, IF, BrCl, ICl, and IBr). In order to compare halogen and hydrogen bonds interactions, this study included hydrogen complexes formed by some Lewis bases and HF, HCl, and HBr Lewis acids. Ab initio, wave functions were generated at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level with optimized structures at the same level. Criteria based on a topological analysis of the electron density were used in order to characterize the nature of halogen interactions in Lewis complexes. The main purpose of the present work is to provide an answer to the following questions: (a) why can electronegative atoms such as halogens act as bridges between two other electronegative atoms? Can a study based on the electron charge density answer this question? Considering this, we had performed a profound study of halogen complexes...

TL;DR: A description of the ab initio quantum chemistry package GAMESS, which can be treated with wave functions ranging from the simplest closed‐shell case up to a general MCSCF case, permitting calculations at the necessary level of sophistication.

Abstract: A description of the ab initio quantum chemistry package GAMESS is presented. Chemical systems containing atoms through radon can be treated with wave functions ranging from the simplest closed-shell case up to a general MCSCF case, permitting calculations at the necessary level of sophistication. Emphasis is given to novel features of the program. The parallelization strategy used in the RHF, ROHF, UHF, and GVB sections of the program is described, and detailed speecup results are given. Parallel calculations can be run on ordinary workstations as well as dedicated parallel machines. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

TL;DR: In this article, a perturbation theory for treating a system of n electrons in which the Hartree-Fock solution appears as the zero-order approximation was developed, and it was shown by this development that the first order correction for the energy and the charge density of the system is zero.

Abstract: A perturbation theory is developed for treating a system of n electrons in which the Hartree-Fock solution appears as the zero-order approximation. It is shown by this development that the first order correction for the energy and the charge density of the system is zero. The expression for the second-order correction for the energy greatly simplifies because of the special property of the zero-order solution. It is pointed out that the development of the higher approximation involves only calculations based on a definite one-body problem.

TL;DR: In this article, the quantum atom and the topology of the charge desnity of a quantum atom are discussed, as well as the mechanics of an atom in a molecule.

Abstract: List of symbols 1. Atoms in chemistry 2. Atoms and the topology of the charge desnity 3. Molecular structure and its change 4. Mathematical models of structural change 5. The quantum atom 6. The mechanics of an atom in a molecule 7. Chemical models and the Laplacian of the charge density 8. The action principle for a quantunm subsystem Appendix - Tables of data Index

TL;DR: In this paper, a modified basis set of supplementary diffuse s and p functions, multiple polarization functions (double and triple sets of d functions), and higher angular momentum polarization functions were defined for use with the 6.31G and 6.311G basis sets.

Abstract: Standard sets of supplementary diffuse s and p functions, multiple polarization functions (double and triple sets of d functions), and higher angular momentum polarization functions (f functions) are defined for use with the 6‐31G and 6‐311G basis sets. Preliminary applications of the modified basis sets to the calculation of the bond energy and hydrogenation energy of N2 illustrate that these functions can be very important in the accurate computation of reaction energies.