Frustration and Aggression
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors postulate that aggression is always a consequence of frustration and indicate manifestations of this sequence in almost every field of human behavior and interpret aggression as assuming many forms and as being affected by other psychological factors.
Abstract: The authors postulate that aggression is always a consequence of frustration. They indicate manifestations of this sequence in almost every field of human behavior and interpret aggression as assuming many forms and as being affected by other psychological factors.
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01 Jan 1958TL;DR: The psychology of interpersonal relations as mentioned in this paper, The psychology in interpersonal relations, The Psychology of interpersonal relationships, کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
Abstract: The psychology of interpersonal relations , The psychology of interpersonal relations , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
15,254 citations
TL;DR: A broad, theoretically derived measure(s) of deviant behavior in the workplace found to have internal reliabilities of .81 and .78, respectively and verified that a 2-factor structure had acceptable fit.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to develop broad, theoretically derived measure(s) of deviant behavior in the workplace Two scales were developed: a 12-item scale of organizational deviance (deviant behaviors directly harmful to the organization) and a 7-item scale of interpersonal deviance (deviant behaviors directly harmful to other individuals within the organization) These scales were found to have internal reliabilities of 81 and 78, respectively Confirmatory factor analysis verified that a 2-factor structure had acceptable fit Preliminary evidence of construct validity is also provided The implications of this instrument for future empirical research on workplace deviance are discussed
2,511 citations
TL;DR: Three studies supported the hypothesis that attributional biases and deficits are related to reactive aggression but not to proactive aggression, which was hypothesized to occur as a function of hostile attributional bias and intention-cue detection deficits.
Abstract: We examined social-information-processing mechanisms (e.g., hostile attributional biases and intention-cue detection deficits) in chronic reactive and proactive aggressive behavior in children's peer groups. In Study 1, a teacher-rating instrument was developed to assess these behaviors in elementary school children (N = 259). Reactive and proactive scales were found to be internally consistent, and factor analyses partially supported convergent and discriminant validities. In Study 2, behavioral correlates of these forms of aggression were examined through assessments by peers (N = 339). Both types of aggression related to social rejection, but only proactively aggressive boys were also viewed as leaders and as having a sense of humor. In Study 3, we hypothesized that reactive aggression (but not proactive aggression) would occur as a function of hostile attributional biases and intention-cue detection deficits. Four groups of socially rejected boys (reactive aggressive, proactive aggressive, reactive-proactive aggressive, and nonaggressive) and a group of average boys were presented with a series of hypothetical videorecorded vignettes depicting provocations by peers and were asked to interpret the intentions of the provocateur (N = 117). Only the two reactive-aggressive groups displayed biases and deficits in interpretations. In Study 4, attributional biases and deficits were found to be positively correlated with the rate of reactive aggression (but not proactive aggression) displayed in free play with peers (N = 127). These studies supported the hypothesis that attributional biases and deficits are related to reactive aggression but not to proactive aggression.
2,315 citations
TL;DR: Theories of aggressive behavior and ethological observations in animals and children suggest the existence of distinct forms of reactive (hostile) and proactive (instrumental) aggression, but groups of reactive aggressive, proactive aggressive, and nonaggressive children were identified and hypotheses were tested.
Abstract: Theories of aggressive behavior and ethological observations in animals and children suggest the existence of distinct forms of reactive (hostile) and proactive (instrumental) aggression. Toward the validation of this distinction, groups of reactive aggressive, proactive aggressive, and nonaggressive children were identified (n = 624 9-12-year-olds). Social information-processing patterns were assessed in these groups by presenting hypothetical vignettes to subjects. 3 hypotheses were tested: (1) only the reactive-aggressive children would demonstrate hostile biases in their attributions of peers' intentions in provocation situations (because such biases are known to lead to reactive anger); (2) only proactive-aggressive children would evaluate aggression and its consequences in relatively positive ways (because proactive aggression is motivated by its expected external outcomes); and (3) proactive-aggressive children would select instrumental social goals rather than relational goals more often than nonaggressive children. All 3 hypotheses were at least partially supported.
1,732 citations
References
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01 Jan 1930
TL;DR: In this article, Freud worked on what became the seminal volume of twentieth-century thought, "Structural Theory of Mind", which stands as a brilliant summary of the views on culture from a psychoanalytic perspective that he had been developing since the turn of the century.
Abstract: During the summer of 1929, Freud worked on what became this seminal volume of twentieth-century thought. It stands as a brilliant summary of the views on culture from a psychoanalytic perspective that he had been developing since the turn of the century. It is both witness and tribute to the late theory of mind - the so-called structural theory, with its stress on aggression, indeed the death drive, as the pitiless adversary of eros.
4,702 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Pecuniary standard of living is defined in this paper as "conspicuous leisure, conspicuous consumption, and higher learning as an expression of the pecuniary culture".
Abstract: Introductory Pecuniary Emulation Conspicuous Leisure Conspicuous Consumption The Pecuniary Standard of Living Pecuniary Canons of Taste Dress as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture Industrial Exemption and Conservatism The Conservation of Archaic Traits Modern Survivals of Prowess The Belief in Luck Devout Observances Survivals of the Non-Invidious Interest The Higher Learning as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture
4,216 citations
01 Jan 1920
TL;DR: The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud under the general editorship of James Strachey as discussed by the authors was the first English translation of Freud's major works to appear in his lifetime.
Abstract: In reasoned progression he outlined core psychoanalytic concepts, such as repression, free association and libido. Of the various English translations of Freud's major works to appear in his lifetime, only one was authorized by Freud himself: The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud under the general editorship of James Strachey. Freud approved the overall editorial plan, specific renderings of key words and phrases, and the addition of valuable notes, from bibliographical and explanatory. Many of the translations were done by Strachey himself; the rest were prepared under his supervision. The result was to place the Standard Edition in a position of unquestioned supremacy over all other existing versions.Newly designed in a uniform format, each new paperback in the Standard Edition opens with a biographical essay on Freud's life and work -along with a note on the individual volume-by Peter Gay, Sterling Professor of History at Yale.
3,544 citations