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Journal ArticleDOI

Functional MRI of Verbal Self-monitoring in Schizophrenia: Performance and Illness-Specific Effects

TL;DR: It is concluded that hypoactivation of a neural network comprised of the thalamus and frontotemporal regions underlies impaired speech monitoring in schizophrenia.
Abstract: Previous small-sample studies have shown altered frontotemporal activity in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations and impaired monitoring of self-generated speech. We examined a large cohort of patients with schizophrenia (n = 63) and a representative group of healthy controls (n = 20) to disentangle performance, illness, and symptom-related effects in functional magnetic resonance imaging-detected brain abnormalities during monitoring of self- and externally generated speech in schizophrenia. Our results revealed activation of the thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus, MGN) and frontotemporal regions with accurate monitoring across all participants. Less activation of the thalamus (MGN, pulvinar) and superior-middle temporal and inferior frontal gyri occurred in poorly performing patients (1 standard deviation below controls' mean; n = 36), relative to the combined group of controls and well-performing patients. In patients, (1) greater deactivation of the ventral striatum and hypothalamus to own voice, combined with nonsignificant activation of the same regions to others' voice, associated positively with negative symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, passive social avoidance) regardless of performance and (2) exaggerated activation of the right superior-middle temporal gyrus during undistorted, relative to distorted, feedback associated with both positive symptoms (hallucinations, persecution) and poor performance. A further thalamic abnormality characterized schizophrenia patients regardless of performance and symptoms. We conclude that hypoactivation of a neural network comprised of the thalamus and frontotemporal regions underlies impaired speech monitoring in schizophrenia. Positive symptoms and poor monitoring share a common activation abnormality in the right superior temporal gyrus during processing of degraded speech. Altered striatal and hypothalamic modulation to own and others' voice characterizes emotionally withdrawn and socially avoidant patients.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This meta-analysis demonstrated that experiencing AVHs is associated with increased activity in fronto-temporal areas involved in speech generation and speech perception, but also within the medial temporal lobe, a structure notably involved in verbal memory.
Abstract: Objective:Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) constitute severe, incapacitating symptoms of schizophrenia. Despite increasing interest in the functional exploration of AVHs, the available findings remain difficult to integrate because of their considerable variability. The authors' aim was to perform a robust quantitative review of existing functional data in order to elucidate consistent patterns observed during the emergence of AVHs and to orient new pathophysiological models of hallucinations. Method:Ten positron emission tomography or functional magnetic resonance imaging studies were selected for the meta-analysis after systematic review. A total of 68 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders experiencing AVHs during scanning were included. According to a random-effects activation likelihood estimation algorithm, stereotaxic coordinates of 129 foci, reported as significant in the source studies, were extracted and computed to estimate the brain locations most consistently associated with AVHs...

554 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A pathway by which nature experience may improve mental well-being is revealed and it is suggested that accessible natural areas within urban contexts may be a critical resource for mental health in the authors' rapidly urbanizing world.
Abstract: Urbanization has many benefits, but it also is associated with increased levels of mental illness, including depression. It has been suggested that decreased nature experience may help to explain the link between urbanization and mental illness. This suggestion is supported by a growing body of correlational and experimental evidence, which raises a further question: what mechanism(s) link decreased nature experience to the development of mental illness? One such mechanism might be the impact of nature exposure on rumination, a maladaptive pattern of self-referential thought that is associated with heightened risk for depression and other mental illnesses. We show in healthy participants that a brief nature experience, a 90-min walk in a natural setting, decreases both self-reported rumination and neural activity in the subgenual prefrontal cortex (sgPFC), whereas a 90-min walk in an urban setting has no such effects on self-reported rumination or neural activity. In other studies, the sgPFC has been associated with a self-focused behavioral withdrawal linked to rumination in both depressed and healthy individuals. This study reveals a pathway by which nature experience may improve mental well-being and suggests that accessible natural areas within urban contexts may be a critical resource for mental health in our rapidly urbanizing world.

489 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The 'resting state hypotheses' of AVH suggest that AVH may be traced back to abnormally elevated resting state activity in auditory cortex itself, abnormal modulation of the auditory cortex by anterior cortical midline regions as part of the default-mode network, and neural confusion between auditory cortical resting state changes and stimulus-induced activity.

173 citations


Cites background from "Functional MRI of Verbal Self-monit..."

  • ..., 2003, 2004), thalamus (Kumari et al., 2010), parahippocampal gyrus (Shergill et al....

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  • ..., 2003), left or right inferior frontal cortex (including Broca's regions on the left) (Kumari et al., 2010; Raij et al., 2009), the parietal cortex (including Wernicke's area) (Shergill et al....

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  • ...Patients with AVH showed reduced activity in various regions involved in the inner monitoring of speech like the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) (Kumari et al., 2010; McGuire et al., 1996; Shergill et al., 2003, 2004), thalamus (Kumari et al., 2010), parahippocampal gyrus (Shergill et al., 2003), left or right inferior frontal cortex (including Broca's regions on the left) (Kumari et al., 2010; Raij et al., 2009), the parietal cortex (including Wernicke's area) (Shergill et al., 2003) and the SMA (McGuire et al., 1996) during verbal imagery tasks where spoken sentences of other persons are imagined (or word generation tasks)....

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  • ...Patients with AVH showed reduced activity in various regions involved in the inner monitoring of speech like the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) (Kumari et al., 2010; McGuire et al., 1996; Shergill et al., 2003, 2004), thalamus (Kumari et al., 2010), parahippocampal gyrus (Shergill et al., 2003), left…...

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  • ...…inner monitoring of speech like the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) (Kumari et al., 2010; McGuire et al., 1996; Shergill et al., 2003, 2004), thalamus (Kumari et al., 2010), parahippocampal gyrus (Shergill et al., 2003), left or right inferior frontal cortex (including Broca's regions on the left)…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The need for unified theoretical frameworks that account for the full range of hallucinatory experiences is discussed, with greater activity in auditory cortex during AVHs and in visual cortex during VHs supports models proposing over-stimulation of sensory cortices in the generation of these perceptual anomalies.

167 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Thalamocortical connectivity to the LPFC is altered in schizophrenia with functional consequences on working memory processing in LPFC, and the correlation with BOLD activation was accentuated in patients as compared with controls in the ventral LPFC.

144 citations


Cites background from "Functional MRI of Verbal Self-monit..."

  • ...…(eg, Andrews et al, 2006; Byne et al, 2002; Byne et al, 2007; Harms et al, 2007; Hazlett et al, 1999; Kemether et al, 2003; Kessler et al, 2009; Kumari et al, 2010; Lehrer et al, 2005; Popken et al, 2000; Rose et al, 2006, but see, for example, Danos et al, 2005; Dorph-Petersen et al, 2004;…...

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that right Ag is associated with both awareness of discrepancy between intended and movement consequences and awareness of action authorship, and it is proposed that this region is involved in higher-order aspects of motor control that allows one to consciously access different aspects of one's own actions.
Abstract: Involvement of the right inferior parietal area in action awareness was investigated while taking into account differences in the conscious experiences of one's own actions; especially, the awareness that an intended action is consistent with movement consequences and the awareness of the authorship of the action (i.e., the sense of agency). We hypothesized that these experiences are both associated with processes implemented in inferior parietal cortex, specifically, right angular gyrus (Ag). Two blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies employed a novel delayed visual feedback technique to distinguish the neural correlates of these 2 forms of action awareness. We showed that right Ag is associated with both awareness of discrepancy between intended and movement consequences and awareness of action authorship. We propose that this region is involved in higher-order aspects of motor control that allows one to consciously access different aspects of one's own actions. Specifically, this region processes discrepancies between intended action and movement consequences in such a way that these will be consciously detected by the subject. This joint processing is at the core of the various experiences one uses to interpret an action.

332 citations


"Functional MRI of Verbal Self-monit..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The angular gyrus is involved in awareness of action authorship.(42) The PC has been implicated in familiarity(43) in addition to its known involvement in a ‘‘default’’ mode of conscious experience....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a reduced left and increased right temporal cortical response to auditory perception of speech, with little distinction between patients who differ in their vulnerability to hallucinations.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The authors explored whether abnormal functional lateralization of temporal cortical language areas in schizophrenia was associated with a predisposition to auditory hallucinations and whether the auditory hallucinatory state would reduce the temporal cortical response to external speech. METHOD: Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signal induced by auditory perception of speech in three groups of male subjects: eight schizophrenic patients with a history of auditory hallucinations (trait-positive), none of whom was currently hallucinating; seven schizophrenic patients without such a history (trait-negative); and eight healthy volunteers. Seven schizophrenic patients were also examined while they were actually experiencing severe auditory verbal hallucinations and again after their hallucinations had diminished. RESULTS: Voxel-by-voxel comparison of the median power of subjects' responses to periodic external speech revealed that this ...

319 citations


"Functional MRI of Verbal Self-monit..." refers background in this paper

  • ...tion to external speech in association with hallucinatory behavior.(17) More recently, functional magnetic reso-...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors mapped the time course of autobiographical memory retrieval, including brain regions that mediate phenomenological experiences of reliving and emotional intensity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Abstract: We sought to map the time course of autobiographical memory retrieval, including brain regions that mediate phenomenological experiences of reliving and emotional intensity. Participants recalled personal memories to auditory word cues during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants pressed a button when a memory was accessed, maintained and elaborated the memory, and then gave subjective ratings of emotion and reliving. A novel fMRI approach based on timing differences capitalized on the protracted reconstructive process of autobiographical memory to segregate brain areas contributing to initial access and later elaboration and maintenance of episodic memories. The initial period engaged hippocampal, retrosplenial, and medial and right prefrontal activity, whereas the later period recruited visual, precuneus, and left prefrontal activity. Emotional intensity ratings were correlated with activity in several regions, including the amygdala and the hippocampus during the initial period. Reliving ratings were correlated with activity in visual cortex and ventromedial and inferior prefrontal regions during the later period. Frontopolar cortex was the only brain region sensitive to emotional intensity across both periods. Results were confirmed by time-locked averages of the fMRI signal. The findings indicate dynamic recruitment of emotion-, memory-, and sensory-related brain regions during remembering and their dissociable contributions to phenomenological features of the memories.

317 citations

Book
22 Sep 2003
TL;DR: Kircher and David as discussed by the authors discussed the role of self-awareness and self-recognition in the development of schizophrenia, and the neural correlates of self awareness and self recognition.
Abstract: Introduction: the self and neuroscience Tilo Kircher and Anthony David Part A. Conceptual Background: 1. The self and psychiatry German Berrios and Ivana S. Markova 2. The self in philosophy, neuroscience and psychiatry Georg Northoff and Alexander Heinzel 3. Phenomenology of self Dan Zahavi 4. Language and self-consciousness Maxim Stamenov Part B. Cognitive and Neurosciences: 5. Multiplicity of consciousness and the emergence of self Gerard O'Brien and Jon Opie 6. Asynchrony implicational meaning and the experience of self in schizophrenia Philip Barnard 7. Self-awareness, social intelligence and schizophrenia Gordon Gallup, James Anderson and Steven Platek 8. The neural correlates of self-awareness and self-recognition Julian Paul Keenan, Mark Wheeler and Michael Ewers 9. Autonoetic consciousness Hans Markovitsch 10. The neural nature of the core self Jaak Panksepp Part C. Disturbances of the Self: The Case of Schizophrenia: i. Phenomenology: 11. Self and schizophrenia: a neuropsychological perspective Josef Parnas 12. Schizophrenia, self-disturbance and the intentional arc Louis Sass 13. The self-experience of schizophrenics Christian Scharfetter ii. Social Psychology: 14. The paranoid self Richard Bentall 15. Schizophrenia and the narrative self James Phillips 16. Self-narrative in schizophrenia Shaun Gallagher iii. Clinical Neuroscience: 17. Schizophrenia as disturbance of the self construct Kai Vogeley 18. Action recognition in normal and schizophrenic subjects Marc Jeannerod et al 19. Disorders of self-monitoring and the symptoms of schizophrenia Sarah-Jayne Blakemore and Chris Frith 20. Hearing voices or hearing the self in disguise? Cynthia Fu and Philip McGuire 21. The cognitive neuroscience of agency in schizophrenia Henrik Walter and Manfred Spitzer 22. Self-consciousness: an integrative approach from philosophy, psychopathology and the neurosciences Tilo Kircher and Anthony David Index.

271 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of medial temporal lobe and inferior frontal lobe regions in autobiographical recall was investigated using functional MRI, and the results support theories of autobiographical memory that hypothesize co-activation of frontotemporal areas during recollection of episodes from the personal past.

267 citations


"Functional MRI of Verbal Self-monit..." refers result in this paper

  • ...Previous studies demonstrating coactivation of hippocampal and right inferior frontal regions during autobiographical retrieval, but not during semantic retrieval, have indicated the involvement of these areas in access of episodes from the personal past.(55,56) Our finding thus may reflect successful recall of previous experience of having spoken and listened to (in own voice) the word stimuli in good performers....

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