Functional network organization of the human brain

doi:10.1016/J.NEURON.2011.09.006

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Functional network organization of the human brain

Journal Article•DOI•

Functional network organization of the human brain

Jonathan D. Power¹, Alexander L. Cohen¹, Steven M. Nelson¹, Gagan S. Wig¹, Kelly Anne Barnes¹, Jessica A. Church¹, Alecia C. Vogel¹, Timothy O. Laumann¹, F.M. Miezin¹, Bradley L. Schlaggar¹, Steven E. Petersen - Show less +7 more•Institutions (1)

Washington University in St. Louis¹

17 Nov 2011-Neuron (Cell Press)-Vol. 72, Iss: 4, pp 665-678

TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied functional brain organization in healthy adults using resting state functional connectivity MRI and proposed two novel brain wide graphs, one of 264 putative functional areas, the other a modification of voxelwise networks that eliminates potentially artificial short-distance relationships.

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About: This article is published in Neuron.The article was published on 2011-11-17 and is currently open access. It has received 3517 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Task-positive network.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion

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Jonathan D. Power¹, Kelly Anne Barnes¹, Abraham Z. Snyder¹, Bradley L. Schlaggar, Steven E. Petersen - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Washington University in St. Louis¹

01 Feb 2012-NeuroImage

TL;DR: The results suggest the need for greater care in dealing with subject motion, and the need to critically revisit previous rs-fcMRI work that may not have adequately controlled for effects of transient subject movements.

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6,411 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity

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B.T. Thomas Yeo¹, Fenna M. Krienen¹, Jorge Sepulcre², Jorge Sepulcre¹, Mert R. Sabuncu¹, Mert R. Sabuncu³, Danial Lashkari³, Marisa O. Hollinshead², Marisa O. Hollinshead¹, Joshua L. Roffman¹, Jordan W. Smoller¹, Lilla Zöllei¹, Jonathan R. Polimeni¹, Bruce Fischl³, Bruce Fischl¹, Hesheng Liu¹, Randy L. Buckner - Show less +13 more•Institutions (3)

Harvard University¹, Howard Hughes Medical Institute², Massachusetts Institute of Technology³

01 Sep 2011-Journal of Neurophysiology

TL;DR: In this paper, the organization of networks in the human cerebrum was explored using resting-state functional connectivity MRI data from 1,000 subjects and a clustering approach was employed to identify and replicate networks of functionally coupled regions across the cerebral cortex.

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Abstract: Information processing in the cerebral cortex involves interactions among distributed areas. Anatomical connectivity suggests that certain areas form local hierarchical relations such as within the visual system. Other connectivity patterns, particularly among association areas, suggest the presence of large-scale circuits without clear hierarchical relations. In this study the organization of networks in the human cerebrum was explored using resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Data from 1,000 subjects were registered using surface-based alignment. A clustering approach was employed to identify and replicate networks of functionally coupled regions across the cerebral cortex. The results revealed local networks confined to sensory and motor cortices as well as distributed networks of association regions. Within the sensory and motor cortices, functional connectivity followed topographic representations across adjacent areas. In association cortex, the connectivity patterns often showed abrupt transitions between network boundaries. Focused analyses were performed to better understand properties of network connectivity. A canonical sensory-motor pathway involving primary visual area, putative middle temporal area complex (MT+), lateral intraparietal area, and frontal eye field was analyzed to explore how interactions might arise within and between networks. Results showed that adjacent regions of the MT+ complex demonstrate differential connectivity consistent with a hierarchical pathway that spans networks. The functional connectivity of parietal and prefrontal association cortices was next explored. Distinct connectivity profiles of neighboring regions suggest they participate in distributed networks that, while showing evidence for interactions, are embedded within largely parallel, interdigitated circuits. We conclude by discussing the organization of these large-scale cerebral networks in relation to monkey anatomy and their potential evolutionary expansion in humans to support cognition.

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6,284 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The WU-Minn Human Connectome Project: An Overview

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David C. Van Essen¹, Stephen M. Smith², M Deanna¹, Timothy E.J. Behrens², Essa Yacoub³, Kamil Ugurbil³ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (3)

Washington University in St. Louis¹, University of Oxford², University of Minnesota³

15 Oct 2013-NeuroImage

TL;DR: Progress made during the first half of the Human Connectome Project project in refining the methods for data acquisition and analysis provides grounds for optimism that the HCP datasets and associated methods and software will become increasingly valuable resources for characterizing human brain connectivity and function, their relationship to behavior, and their heritability and genetic underpinnings.

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4,388 citations

Cites background from "Functional network organization of ..."

...…cuts across both V1 and V2 in their mid-eccentricity range (Yeo et al., 2011); it implies that network (parcel) boundaries defined by functional connectivity do not always respect classical areal boundaries (for other examples, see Yeo et al., 2011; Power et al., 2011; Van Essen and Glasser, 2013)....
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..., 2011); it implies that network (parcel) boundaries defined by functional connectivity do not always respect classical areal boundaries (for other examples, see Yeo et al., 2011; Power et al., 2011; Van Essen and Glasser, 2013)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Methods to detect, characterize, and remove motion artifact in resting state fMRI

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Jonathan D. Power¹, Anish Mitra¹, Timothy O. Laumann¹, Abraham Z. Snyder¹, Bradley L. Schlaggar, Steven E. Petersen - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Washington University in St. Louis¹

01 Jan 2014-NeuroImage

TL;DR: It is found that motion-induced signal changes are often complex and variable waveforms, often shared across nearly all brain voxels, and often persist more than 10s after motion ceases, which increase observed RSFC correlations in a distance-dependent manner.

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2,713 citations

Cites background or methods from "Functional network organization of ..."

...ROIs are modeled as 10 mm diameter spheres centered on the coordinates reported in (Power et al., 2011)....
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...These analyses examine the changes in correlation produced in all possible pairwise correlations (34,716) between the 264 ROIs reported in (Power et al., 2011)when particular portions of the data arewithheld from correlation calculations....
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...Studies examining resting state fMRI signal dimensionality suggest that at least a few dozen distinct signals may be present (Cordes and Nandy, 2006), and several groups have reported that resting state signal can be broken into 1–2 dozenmajor components or communities that correspond to task-associated groups of brain regions (Power et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2009; Yeo et al., 2011)....
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...In our initial report censoring was only done during correlation calculations, but it can be incorporated into data processing steps such as regressions and temporal filtering (Carp, 2013; Power et al., 2011, 2012, 2013; Satterthwaite et al., 2013)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after.

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Steven E. Petersen¹, Michael I. Posner²•Institutions (2)

Washington University in St. Louis¹, University of Oregon²

20 Jun 2012-Annual Review of Neuroscience

TL;DR: The framework presented in the original article has helped to integrate behavioral, systems, cellular, and molecular approaches to common problems in attention research and has led to increased understanding of aspects of pathology and to some new interventions.

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Abstract: Here, we update our 1990 Annual Review of Neuroscience article, “The Attention System of the Human Brain.” The framework presented in the original article has helped to integrate behavioral, systems, cellular, and molecular approaches to common problems in attention research. Our framework has been both elaborated and expanded in subsequent years. Research on orienting and executive functions has supported the addition of new networks of brain regions. Developmental studies have shown important changes in control systems between infancy and childhood. In some cases, evidence has supported the role of specific genetic variations, often in conjunction with experience, that account for some of the individual differences in the efficiency of attentional networks. The findings have led to increased understanding of aspects of pathology and to some new interventions.

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2,385 citations

Cites background from "Functional network organization of ..."

...…explanation comes from the activity found in the medial frontal/anterior cingulate in such diverse operations as perception of either physical (Rainville et al. 1997) or social (Eisenberger et al. 2003) pain, processing of reward (Hampton & O’Doherty 2007), monitoring or resolution of…...
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References

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

Automated Anatomical Labeling of Activations in SPM Using a Macroscopic Anatomical Parcellation of the MNI MRI Single-Subject Brain

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Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer¹, B. Landeau¹, D. Papathanassiou¹, Fabrice Crivello¹, Octave Etard¹, Nicolas Delcroix¹, Bernard Mazoyer², Marc Joliot¹ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (2)

University of Paris¹, Institut Universitaire de France²

01 Jan 2002-NeuroImage

TL;DR: An anatomical parcellation of the spatially normalized single-subject high-resolution T1 volume provided by the Montreal Neurological Institute was performed and it is believed that this tool is an improvement for the macroscopical labeling of activated area compared to labeling assessed using the Talairach atlas brain.

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13,678 citations

"Functional network organization of ..." refers methods in this paper

...A 44,100-node voxelwise network was defined from all voxels within the AAL atlas (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002)....
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...Parcel-Based, Voxel-Based, and Modified Voxelwise Network Formation A 90-node parcel-based network was formed by using the 90-parcel automated anatomical labeling (AAL) atlas (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002) to assign all voxels (n = 44,100) within the atlas into 90 parcels....
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...The parcel-based graph was formed using the 90-parcel AAL atlas (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002), a popular method of graph formation....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain

[...]

Maurizio Corbetta¹, Gordon L. Shulman¹•Institutions (1)

Washington University in St. Louis¹

01 Mar 2002-Nature Reviews Neuroscience

TL;DR: Evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions is reviewed, finding that one system is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed selection for stimuli and responses, and the other is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli.

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Abstract: We review evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions. One system, which includes parts of the intraparietal cortex and superior frontal cortex, is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed (top-down) selection for stimuli and responses. This system is also modulated by the detection of stimuli. The other system, which includes the temporoparietal cortex and inferior frontal cortex, and is largely lateralized to the right hemisphere, is not involved in top-down selection. Instead, this system is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli, particularly when they are salient or unexpected. This ventral frontoparietal network works as a 'circuit breaker' for the dorsal system, directing attention to salient events. Both attentional systems interact during normal vision, and both are disrupted in unilateral spatial neglect.

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10,985 citations

"Functional network organization of ..." refers background in this paper

...Images in the left column are modified from (Corbetta et al., 2008; Corbetta and Shulman, 2002; Dosenbach et al., 2007; Shulman et al., 1997)....
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...…have defined functional systems as groups of brain regions that coactivate during certain types of task (e.g., the dorsal attention system, (Corbetta and Shulman, 2002; Corbetta et al., 1995); here and elsewhere we replace common neuroscientific usage of ‘‘network’’ with ‘‘system,’’…...
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...Over time, evidence accumulated implicating collections of brain regions that were assumed to share the burden of some set of cognitive operations, defining functional systems (Corbetta and Shulman, 2002; Dosenbach et al., 2006; Raichle et al., 2001)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A default mode of brain function.

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Marcus E. Raichle¹, Ann Mary MacLeod¹, Abraham Z. Snyder¹, William J. Powers, Debra A. Gusnard¹, Gordon L. Shulman¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Washington University in St. Louis¹

16 Jan 2001-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

TL;DR: A baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF is identified, suggesting the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.

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Abstract: A baseline or control state is fundamental to the understanding of most complex systems. Defining a baseline state in the human brain, arguably our most complex system, poses a particular challenge. Many suspect that left unconstrained, its activity will vary unpredictably. Despite this prediction we identify a baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF. The OEF is defined as the ratio of oxygen used by the brain to oxygen delivered by flowing blood and is remarkably uniform in the awake but resting state (e.g., lying quietly with eyes closed). Local deviations in the OEF represent the physiological basis of signals of changes in neuronal activity obtained with functional MRI during a wide variety of human behaviors. We used quantitative metabolic and circulatory measurements from positron-emission tomography to obtain the OEF regionally throughout the brain. Areas of activation were conspicuous by their absence. All significant deviations from the mean hemisphere OEF were increases, signifying deactivations, and resided almost exclusively in the visual system. Defining the baseline state of an area in this manner attaches meaning to a group of areas that consistently exhibit decreases from this baseline, during a wide variety of goal-directed behaviors monitored with positron-emission tomography and functional MRI. These decreases suggest the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.

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10,708 citations

"Functional network organization of ..." refers background in this paper

...Over time, evidence accumulated implicating collections of brain regions that were assumed to share the burden of some set of cognitive operations, defining functional systems (Corbetta and Shulman, 2002; Dosenbach et al., 2006; Raichle et al., 2001)....
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Book•

Networks: An Introduction

[...]

Mark Newman

25 Mar 2010

TL;DR: This book brings together for the first time the most important breakthroughs in each of these fields and presents them in a coherent fashion, highlighting the strong interconnections between work in different areas.

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Abstract: The scientific study of networks, including computer networks, social networks, and biological networks, has received an enormous amount of interest in the last few years. The rise of the Internet and the wide availability of inexpensive computers have made it possible to gather and analyze network data on a large scale, and the development of a variety of new theoretical tools has allowed us to extract new knowledge from many different kinds of networks.The study of networks is broadly interdisciplinary and important developments have occurred in many fields, including mathematics, physics, computer and information sciences, biology, and the social sciences. This book brings together for the first time the most important breakthroughs in each of these fields and presents them in a coherent fashion, highlighting the strong interconnections between work in different areas. Subjects covered include the measurement and structure of networks in many branches of science, methods for analyzing network data, including methods developed in physics, statistics, and sociology, the fundamentals of graph theory, computer algorithms, and spectral methods, mathematical models of networks, including random graph models and generative models, and theories of dynamical processes taking place on networks.

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10,567 citations

"Functional network organization of ..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Many real-world networks have tie densities of a few percent or less (Newman, 2010), and the graph analytic techniques utilized here were developed upon such networks (Fortunato, 2010; Newman, 2010; Rosvall and Bergstrom, 2008)....
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...Because most graph theoretic techniques are developed (and are most meaningful) in sparse graphs (Newman, 2010), thresholds were applied to the graphs to eliminate weak ties (such that correlations under the threshold were ignored)....
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...…in graph theory includes quantifying hierarchy and substructure within a graph, identifying hubs and critical nodes, determining how easily traffic flows in different portions and at different scales of a network, and estimating the controllability of a system (Liu et al., 2011; Newman, 2010)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems

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Edward T. Bullmore¹, Olaf Sporns²•Institutions (2)

University of Cambridge¹, Indiana University²

04 Feb 2009-Nature Reviews Neuroscience

TL;DR: This article reviews studies investigating complex brain networks in diverse experimental modalities and provides an accessible introduction to the basic principles of graph theory and highlights the technical challenges and key questions to be addressed by future developments in this rapidly moving field.

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Abstract: Recent developments in the quantitative analysis of complex networks, based largely on graph theory, have been rapidly translated to studies of brain network organization. The brain's structural and functional systems have features of complex networks--such as small-world topology, highly connected hubs and modularity--both at the whole-brain scale of human neuroimaging and at a cellular scale in non-human animals. In this article, we review studies investigating complex brain networks in diverse experimental modalities (including structural and functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography in humans) and provide an accessible introduction to the basic principles of graph theory. We also highlight some of the technical challenges and key questions to be addressed by future developments in this rapidly moving field.

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9,700 citations

"Functional network organization of ..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Advances in neuroimaging that facilitate the study of brain relationships in humans have stimulated an enormous amount of scientific and medical interest in recent years (Biswal et al., 1995; Bullmore and Sporns, 2009; Deco et al., 2011; Dosenbach et al., 2010)....
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...At the same time, these correlations are of fundamental interest to neuroscientists because they offer the first opportunity to comprehensively and noninvasively explore the functional network structure of the human brain (Bullmore and Sporns, 2009)....
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...At the same time, these correlations are of funda- mental interest to neuroscientists because they offer the first opportunity to comprehensively and noninvasively explore the functional network structure of the human brain (Bullmore and Sporns, 2009)....
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...Although a variety of methods may be used to study rs-fcMRI data, one of the most powerful and flexible approaches is the graph theoretic approach (Bullmore and Sporns, 2009; Rubinov and Sporns, 2010)....
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...First, there is a growing trend to examine healthy and pathological brain activity in terms of networks (Bullmore and Sporns, 2009; Church et al., 2009; Seeley et al., 2009)....
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