Fundamental basis for distance relaying with symmetrical components
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived the performance equation of a high speed distance relay which is based upon the theory of symmetrical components, and a single equation was shown to be adequate for handling all types of faults which are likely to occur on a three-phase power system.
Abstract: The paper derives the performance equation of a high speed distance relay which is based upon the theory of symmetrical components. A single equation is shown to be adequate for handling all types of faults which are likely to occur on a three-phase power system. Errors created by system loading and fault-path resistance are considered. A numerical example illustrates the principle of operation of the relay. The relay is especially suited to a digital computer based protection system.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the frequency and rate-of-change of frequency at the bus can also be determined from the positive sequence voltage phase angle, and the theoretical basis of these computations and results of experiments performed in the AEP power system simulation laboratory are also outlined.
Abstract: With the advent of Substation Computer Systems dedicated to protection, control and data logging functions in a Substation, it becomes possible to develop new applications which can utilize the processing power available within the substation. The microcomputer based Symmetrical Component Distance Relay (SCDR) described in the references cited at the end of this paper possesses certain characteristics which facilitate real-time monitoring of positive sequence voltage phasor at the local power system bus. With a regression analysis the frequency and rate-of-change of frequency at the bus can also be determined from the positive sequence voltage phase angle. This paper describes the theoretical basis of these computations and describes results of experiments performed in the AEP power system simulation laboratory. Plans for future field tests on the AEP system are also outlined.
906 citations
Book•
01 Jul 1988TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive, up-to-date account of computer relaying in power systems, based in part on the author's extensive experience in the field.
Abstract: This text/reference presents a comprehensive, up-to-date account of computer relaying in power systems, based in part on the author's extensive experience in the field. Provides background material on current relaying practices, and covers the mathematical foundations for relaying algorithms. Each chapter contains helpful illustrations, examples, and problems.
880 citations
Book•
10 Aug 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a classic power system relaying and power system phenomena including stability protection, reliability, and reliability of the relaying system from a network operator's perspective.
Abstract: ??????????? ????? Stanley Horowitz H Power System Relaying May 13th, 2020 With emphasis on power system protection from the network operator perspective this classic textbook explains the fundamentals of relaying and power system phenomena including stability protection and reliability The fourth edition brings coverage up to date with important advancements in protective relaying due to significant changes in the conventional electric power system that will
696 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a state estimation algorithm for the IEEE 118 bus system, which involves an admittance-like matrix with the sparsity of the admittance matrix and converges in one step with the same amount of computation as one iteration of existing estimators.
Abstract: The recent introduction of microprocessors into substations for protection and control makes it possible to measure positive sequence voltage phasors and positive sequence transmission line current phasors in real time. It is necessary to synchronize sampling clocks in various substations in order to put the phasors on a common reference. Techniques for synchronizing sampling along with a method for obtaining positive sequence phasors from samples are reviewed. Although it is possible to use these direct measurements in conventional state estimation algorithms, considerable advantage accrues if the state estimation is reformulated in terms of direct measurements of phasor voltages and currents. The resulting estimation algorithm involves an admittance like matrix with the sparsity of the admittance matrix. The new matrix is real rather than complex even for small X/R ratios for the lines. The algorithm requires no assumptions as to decoupling, flat voltage profiles, small resistance, etc. The algorithm converges in one step with the same amount of computation as one iteration of existing estimators. Examples are given for the IEEE 118 bus system.
437 citations
06 Oct 2002
TL;DR: Synchronized phasor measurements (PMU) were introduced in mid-1980s as discussed by the authors and have been receiving considerable attention from researchers in the field of wide-area measurements in power systems using PMUs and other measuring instruments.
Abstract: Synchronized phasor measurements (PMU) were introduced in mid-1980s. Since then, the subject of wide-area measurements in power systems using PMUs and other measuring instruments has been receiving considerable attention from researchers in the field. This paper provides a historical overview of the PMU development. It is pointed out that the PMU is a direct descendant of the symmetrical component distance relay introduced in the late 1970s. From the early prototypes of the PMU built at Virginia Tech, a commercial product evolved which has been installed in the field at various locations around the world. Applications of PMU measurements to power system operation and control remains a very important subject for current research.
355 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the canonical equations of a general, linear, bilateral symmetrical network of n meshes on which are impressed arbitrary mesh voltages are subjected to a Laplacian transformation.
Abstract: The canonical equations of a general, linear, bilateral symmetrical network of n meshes on which are impressed arbitrary mesh voltages are subjected to a Laplacian transformation. The transformed equations are then subjected to a symmetrical component transformation. By the use of these transformations the transient behavior of an n mesh symmetrical network subject to impressed arbitrary voltages and initial currents and charges is readily obtained. The solution of the usual determinantal equation is avoided.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the basic relationships between the three-phase problem and its equivalent representation in Clarke components are established in the first section (C) of this paper, and the last section (D) contains the component-network connections and the switching arrangements which are representative of the more frequent types of disturbances in 3-phase systems.
Abstract: The difficulties encountered with symmetrical components, as discussed in Part I, B, are eliminated when Clarke components are used. It is possible to investigate transient phenomena in three-phase systems by studying single-phase networks with the transient analyzer.The basic relationships between the three-phase problem and its equivalent representation in Clarke components are established in the first section (C) of this paper. The last section (D) of this study contains the component-network connections and the switching arrangements which are representative of the more frequent types of disturbances in three-phase systems.
6 citations