Book•
Fundamentals of Biomechanics
25 Aug 2008-
TL;DR: This book discusses the foundations of Biomechanics and Qualitative Analysis, and its applications in Physical Education, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Mechanics of the Musculoskeletal System.
Abstract: Preface. Part 1: Introduction. 1. Introduction to the Biomechanics of Human Movement. 2. Fundamentals of Biomechanics and Qualitative Analysis. Part 2: Biological/Structural Bases. 3. Anatomical Description and its Limitations. 4. Mechanics of the Musculoskeletal System. Part 3: Mechanical Bases. 5. Linear and Angular Kinetics. 6. Linear Kinetics. 7. Angular Kinetics. 8. Fluid Mechanics. Part 4: Applications of Biomechanics in Qualitative Analysis. 9. Applying Biomechanics in Physical Education. 10. Applying Biomechanics in Coaching. 11. Applying Biomechanics in Strength and Conditioning. 12. Applying Biomechanics in Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation. References. Appendix A: Glossary. Appendix B: Conversion Factors. Appendix C: Suggested Answers to Selected Review Questions. Appendix D: Right Angle Trigonometry Review. Appendix E: Qualitative Analysis in Biomechanical Principles. Index. Lab Activities. About the Author. Index.
Citations
More filters
Journal Article•
618 citations
TL;DR: Issues related to scaffold biomaterials and manufacturing processes are discussed, and mechanobiology of bone tissue and computational models developed for simulating how bone healing occurs inside a scaffold are described.
Abstract: A review about design, manufacture, and mechanobiology of biodegradable scaffolds for bone tissue engineering is given. First, fundamental aspects about bone tissue engineering and considerations related to scaffold design are established. Second, issues related to scaffold biomaterials and manufacturing processes are discussed. Finally, mechanobiology of bone tissue and computational models developed for simulating how bone healing occurs inside a scaffold are described.
282 citations
TL;DR: There has been an increasing need for the terminology on the conservative management of female pelvic floor dysfunction to be collated in a clinically based consensus report.
Abstract: Introduction and hypothesis There has been an increasing need for the terminology on the conservative management of female pelvic floor dysfunction to be collated in a clinically based consensus report. Methods This Report combines the input of members and elected nominees of the Standardization and Terminology Committees of two International Organizations, the International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) and the International Continence Society (ICS), assisted at intervals by many external referees. An extensive process of nine rounds of internal and external review was developed to exhaustively examine each definition, with decision-making by collective opinion (consensus). Before opening up for comments on the webpages of ICS and IUGA, five experts from physiotherapy, neurology, urology, urogynecology, and nursing were invited to comment on the paper. Results A Terminology Report on the conservative management of female pelvic floor dysfunction, encompassing over 200 separate definitions, has been developed. It is clinically based, with the most common symptoms, signs, assessments, diagnoses, and treatments defined. Clarity and ease of use have been key aims to make it interpretable by practitioners and trainees in all the different specialty groups involved in female pelvic floor dysfunction. Ongoing review is not only anticipated, but will be required to keep the document updated and as widely acceptable as possible. Conclusion A consensus-based terminology report for the conservative management of female pelvic floor dysfunction has been produced, aimed at being a significant aid to clinical practice and a stimulus for research.
260 citations
Cites background from "Fundamentals of Biomechanics"
...Other: a) Hypertrophy: the increase in size (volume) of the muscle fibers [37]....
[...]
...h) Synergistic contraction: the combination of several muscle actions that serve to optimally achieve a motor task [37]....
[...]
256 citations
TL;DR: A consensus-based terminology report for the conservative management of female pelvic floor dysfunction has been produced, aimed at being a significant aid to clinical practice and a stimulus for research.
Abstract: There has been an increasing need for the terminology on the conservative management of female pelvic floor dysfunction to be collated in a clinically based consensus report. This Report combines the input of members and elected nominees of the Standardization and Terminology Committees of two International Organizations, the International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) and the International Continence Society (ICS), assisted at intervals by many external referees. An extensive process of nine rounds of internal and external review was developed to exhaustively examine each definition, with decision-making by collective opinion (consensus). Before opening up for comments on the webpages of ICS and IUGA, five experts from physiotherapy, neurology, urology, urogynecology, and nursing were invited to comment on the paper. A Terminology Report on the conservative management of female pelvic floor dysfunction, encompassing over 200 separate definitions, has been developed. It is clinically based, with the most common symptoms, signs, assessments, diagnoses, and treatments defined. Clarity and ease of use have been key aims to make it interpretable by practitioners and trainees in all the different specialty groups involved in female pelvic floor dysfunction. Ongoing review is not only anticipated, but will be required to keep the document updated and as widely acceptable as possible. A consensus-based terminology report for the conservative management of female pelvic floor dysfunction has been produced, aimed at being a significant aid to clinical practice and a stimulus for research.
212 citations
Cites background from "Fundamentals of Biomechanics"
...Other: a) Hypertrophy: the increase in size (volume) of the muscle fibers [37]....
[...]
...h) Synergistic contraction: the combination of several muscle actions that serve to optimally achieve a motor task [37]....
[...]
References
More filters
Book•
01 May 1990TL;DR: The Fourth Edition of Biomechanics as an Interdiscipline: A Review of the Fourth Edition focuses on biomechanical Electromyography, with a focus on the relationship between Electromyogram and Biomechinical Variables.
Abstract: Preface to the Fourth Edition. 1 Biomechanics as an Interdiscipline. 1.0 Introduction. 1.1 Measurement, Description, Analysis, and Assessment. 1.2 Biomechanics and its Relationship with Physiology and Anatomy. 1.3 Scope of the Textbook. 1.4 References. 2 Signal Processing. 2.0 Introduction. 2.1 Auto- and Cross-Correlation Analyses. 2.2 Frequency Analysis. 2.3 Ensemble Averaging of Repetitive Waveforms. 2.4 References. 3 Kinematics. 3.0 Historical Development and Complexity of Problem. 3.1 Kinematic Conventions. 3.2 Direct Measurement Techniques. 3.3 Imaging Measurement Techniques. 3.4 Processing of Raw Kinematic Data. 3.5 Calculation of Other Kinematic Variables. 3.6 Problems Based on Kinematic Data. 3.7 References. 4 Anthropometry. 4.0 Scope of Anthropometry in Movement Biomechanics. 4.1 Density, Mass, and Inertial Properties. 4.2 Direct Experimental Measures. 4.3 Muscle Anthropometry. 4.4 Problems Based on Anthropometric Data. 4.5 References. 5 Kinetics: Forces and Moments of Force. 5.0 Biomechanical Models. 5.1 Basic Link-Segment Equations-the Free-Body Diagram. 5.2 Force Transducers and Force Plates. 5.3 Bone-on-Bone Forces During Dynamic Conditions. 5.4 Problems Based on Kinetic and Kinematic Data. 5.5 References. 6 Mechanical Work, Energy, and Power. 6.0 Introduction. 6.1 Efficiency. 6.2 Forms of Energy Storage. 6.3 Calculation of Internal and External Work. 6.4 Power Balances at Joints and Within Segments. 6.5 Problems Based on Kinetic and Kinematic Data. 6.6 References. 7 Three-Dimensional Kinematics and Kinetics. 7.0 Introduction. 7.1 Axes Systems. 7.2 Marker and Anatomical Axes Systems. 7.3 Determination of Segment Angular Velocities and Accelerations. 7.4 Kinetic Analysis of Reaction Forces and Moments. 7.5 Suggested Further Reading. 7.6 References. 8 Synthesis of Human Movement-Forward Solutions. 8.0 Introduction. 8.1 Review of Forward Solution Models. 8.2 Mathematical Formulation. 8.3 System Energy. 8.4 External Forces and Torques. 8.5 Designation of Joints. 8.6 Illustrative Example. 8.7 Conclusions. 8.8 References. 9 Muscle Mechanics. 9.0 Introduction. 9.1 Force-Length Characteristics of Muscles. 9.2 Force-Velocity Characteristics. 9.3 Muscle Modeling. 9.4 References. 10 Kinesiological Electromyography. 10.0 Introduction. 10.1 Electrophysiology of Muscle Contraction. 10.2 Recording of the Electromyogram. 10.3 Processing of the Electromyogram,. 10.4 Relationship between Electromyogram and Biomechanical Variables. 10.5 References. 11 Biomechanical Movement Synergies. 11.0 Introduction. 11.1 The Support Moment Synergy. 11.2 Medial/Lateral and Anterior/Posterior Balance in Standing. 11.3 Dynamic Balance during Walking. 11.4 References. APPENDICES. A. Kinematic, Kinetic, and Energy Data. Figure A.1 Walking Trial-Marker Locations and Mass and Frame Rate Information. Table A.1 Raw Coordinate Data (cm). Table A.2( a ) Filtered Marker Kinematics-Rib Cage and Greater Trochanter (Hip). Table A.2( b ) Filtered Marker Kinematics-Femoral Lateral Epicondyle (Knee) and Head of Fibula. Table A.2( c ) Filtered Marker Kinematics-Lateral Malleolus (Ankle) and Heel. Table A.2( d ) Filtered Marker Kinematics-Fifth Metatarsal and Toe. Table A.3( a ) Linear and Angular Kinematics-Foot. Table A.3( b ) Linear and Angular Kinematics-Leg. Table A.3( c ) Linear and Angular Kinematics-Thigh. Table A.3( d ) Linear and Angular Kinematics-1/2 HAT. Table A.4 Relative Joint Angular Kinematics-Ankle, Knee, and Hip. Table A.5( a ) Reaction Forces and Moments of Force-Ankle and Knee. Table A.5( b ) Reaction Forces and Moments of Force-Hip. Table A.6 Segment Potential, Kinetic, and Total Energies-Foot, Leg, Thigh, and1/2 HAT. Table A.7 Power Generation/Absorption and Transfer-Ankle, Knee, and Hip. B. Units and Definitions Related to Biomechanical and Electromyographical Measurements. Table B.1 Base SI Units. Table B.2 Derived SI Units. Index.
9,092 citations
"Fundamentals of Biomechanics" refers background in this paper
...The resultant or net joint torques calculated by inverse dynamics do not account for co-contraction of muscle groups and represent the sum of many muscles, ligaments, joint contact, and other anatomical forces (Winter, 1990)....
[...]
...Despite the imperfect nature of these net torques (see Hatze, 2000; Winter 1990), inverse dynamics provides good estimates of the net motor control signals to create human movement (Winter & Eng, 1995), and can detect changes with fatigue (Apriantono et al....
[...]
Book•
01 Jan 1967
6,041 citations
"Fundamentals of Biomechanics" refers background in this paper
...Motor control uses the term synergy to refer to underlying rules of the neuromuscular system for using muscles to coordinate or create movements (Aruin, 2001; Bernstein, 1967)....
[...]
TL;DR: Knee motion and knee loading during a landing task are predictors of anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes and may help develop simpler measures of neuromuscular control that can be used to direct female athletes to more effective, targeted interventions.
Abstract: BackgroundFemale athletes participating in high-risk sports suffer anterior cruciate ligament injury at a 4- to 6-fold greater rate than do male athletes.HypothesisPrescreened female athletes with subsequent anterior cruciate ligament injury will demonstrate decreased neuromuscular control and increased valgus joint loading, predicting anterior cruciate ligament injury risk.Study DesignCohort study; Level of evidence, 2.MethodsThere were 205 female athletes in the high-risk sports of soccer, basketball, and volleyball prospectively measured for neuromuscular control using 3-dimensional kinematics (joint angles) and joint loads using kinetics (joint moments) during a jump-landing task. Analysis of variance as well as linear and logistic regression were used to isolate predictors of risk in athletes who subsequently ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament.ResultsNine athletes had a confirmed anterior cruciate ligament rupture; these 9 had significantly different knee posture and loading compared to the 196 ...
2,997 citations
"Fundamentals of Biomechanics" refers background in this paper
...A large prospective study of the biomechanics of landing in female adolescent athletes who then participated in high-risk sports has recently identified several variables that are associated with risk of ACL injury (Hewitt et al., 2005)....
[...]
TL;DR: The inverted pendulum model permitted us to understand the separate roles of the two mechanisms during these critical unbalancing and rebalancing periods and confirmed the critical importance of the hip abductors/adductors in balance during all phases of standing and walking.
2,940 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the various uses of surface electromyography in the field of biomechanics, including those involving the activation timing of muscles, the force/EMG signal relationship, and the use of the EMG signal as a fatigue index.
Abstract: This lecture explores the various uses of surface electromyography in the field of biomechanics. Three groups of applications are considered: those involving the activation timing of muscles, the force/EMG signal relationship, and the use of the EMG signal as a fatigue index. Technical considerations for recording the EMG signal with maximal fidelity are reviewed, and a compendium of all known factors that affect the information contained in the EMG signal is presented. Questions are posed to guide the practitioner in the proper use of surface electromyography. Sixteen recommendations are made regarding the proper detection, analysis, and interpretation of the EMG signal and measured force. Sixteen outstanding problems that present the greatest challenges to the advancement of surface electromyography are put forward for consideration. Finally, a plea is made for arriving at an international agreement on procedures commonly used in electromyography and biomechanics.
2,864 citations