Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism
TL;DR: In this paper, the fundamental principles of electricity and magnetism are discussed. But the authors do not discuss the application of magnetism in the field of artificial intelligence. And they do not address how to apply magnetism to artificial intelligence applications.
Abstract: Fundamentals of electricity and magnetism , Fundamentals of electricity and magnetism , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی
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TL;DR: Amplitude spectra of low frequency electrochemical noise are presented in this article, which indicate the possibility of a non-perturbative electrochemical corrosion monitoring technique capable of detection of pitting and crevice attack.
171 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the Clausius-Mosotti equation was used to measure the dielectric polarizabilities of a series of garnets at l MHz using a twoterminal method and empirically determined edge corrections.
Abstract: The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of a series of garnets were measured at l MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are five intermediate pyrope-almandine samples, k'=11.96-12.35; spessartine, k'=11.65; two andradite samples, k'=10.53-10.59; and three grossular samples, k'=8.53-8.8l.
The deviations of measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined using the Clausius-Mosotti equation from those calculated using the sum of oxide polarizabilities according
to ɑ_D(M_2M'X_4) = 2ɑ_D(MX) + ɑ_D(M'X_2) is +5.0 to 6.5% for the pyrope-almandine samples,+ 1.9% for spessartine, -2.3% of or the andradite samples, and -5.5 to -7.0% for
grossular. These deviations from additivity are believed to result from garnet structural constraints leading to "rattling" Mg ions and "compressed" Ca ions.
144 citations
TL;DR: Extensions of quadrupole mass filters to higher masses, scanning with frequency sweeps of the quadrupoles waveform, operation in higher stability regions, and operation with rectangular or other periodic waveforms are discussed.
Abstract: The use of linear quadrupoles in mass spectrometry as mass filters and ion guides is reviewed. Following a tutorial review of the principles of mass filter operation, methods of mass analysis are reviewed. Discussed are extensions of quadrupole mass filters to higher masses, scanning with frequency sweeps of the quadrupole waveform, operation in higher stability regions, and operation with rectangular or other periodic waveforms. Two relatively new methods of mass analysis the use of "islands of stability" and "mass selective axial ejection" are then reviewed. The optimal electrode geometry for a quadrupole mass filter constructed with round rods is discussed. The use of collisional cooling in quadrupole ion guides is discussed along with ion guides that have axial fields. Finally, mass analysis with quadrupoles that have large distortions to the geometry and fields is discussed. An Appendix gives a brief tutorial review of definitions of electrical potentials and fields, as well as the units used in this article.
122 citations
TL;DR: Intraoperative sentinel lymph node as well as tumor detection may be improved under some circumstances by the use of beta (negatron or positron), rather than gamma detection, because the very short range of such particulate radiations eliminates the contribution of confounding counts from activity other than in the immediate vicinity of the detector.
104 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved with a close-fitting solenoidal microcoil is adversely affected by radio frequency (RF) losses in the coil, its leads, the capacitor used to tune it, and finally, the sample.
Abstract: In high-field proton NMR, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved with a close-fitting solenoidal microcoil is adversely affected by radio frequency (RF) losses in the coil, its leads, the capacitor used to tune it, and finally, the sample. In Part II, a rigorous description of these various losses is presented, and their severity is related to the details of coil design. Results not only provide a rational basis for defining a microcoil's optimal wire diameter and the number of turns, but also for evaluating how the SNR varies with coil size and NMR frequency in high-field proton NMR studies involving either conducting or non-conducting samples. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 13: 190–210, 2001
99 citations