Future Energy Systems: Integrating Renewable Energy Sources into the Smart Power Grid Through Industrial Electronics
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss about integrating renewable energy sources into the smart power grid through industrial electronics, including photovoltaic power, wind energy conversion, hybrid energy systems, and tidal energy conversion.
Abstract: This paper discusses about integrating renewable energy sources into the smart power grid through industrial electronics. This paper discusses photovoltaic power, wind energy conversion, hybrid energy systems, and tidal energy conversion.
Citations
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TL;DR: Evaluations among the most usual maximum power point tracking techniques, doing meaningful comparisons with respect to the amount of energy extracted from the photovoltaic (PV) panel [tracking factor) in relation to the available power, PV voltage ripple, dynamic response, and use of sensors.
Abstract: This paper presents evaluations among the most usual maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques, doing meaningful comparisons with respect to the amount of energy extracted from the photovoltaic (PV) panel [tracking factor (TF)] in relation to the available power, PV voltage ripple, dynamic response, and use of sensors. Using MatLab/Simulink and dSPACE platforms, a digitally controlled boost dc-dc converter was implemented and connected to an Agilent Solar Array E4350B simulator in order to verify the analytical procedures. The main experimental results are presented for conventional MPPT algorithms and improved MPPT algorithms named IC based on proportional-integral (PI) and perturb and observe based on PI. Moreover, the dynamic response and the TF are also evaluated using a user-friendly interface, which is capable of online program power profiles and computes the TF. Finally, a typical daily insulation is used in order to verify the experimental results for the main PV MPPT methods.
1,205 citations
Cites methods from "Future Energy Systems: Integrating ..."
...Just to highlight, the IC and P&O methods had the same indices of quality, since they are based on the same principle of searching for MPPT, which is dP/dV null at MPP [28]....
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TL;DR: This paper overviews the issues related to the smart grid architecture from the perspective of potential applications and the communications requirements needed for ensuring performance, flexible operation, reliability and economics.
Abstract: Information and communication technologies (ICT) represent a fundamental element in the growth and performance of smart grids. A sophisticated, reliable and fast communication infrastructure is, in fact, necessary for the connection among the huge amount of distributed elements, such as generators, substations, energy storage systems and users, enabling a real time exchange of data and information necessary for the management of the system and for ensuring improvements in terms of efficiency, reliability, flexibility and investment return for all those involved in a smart grid: producers, operators and customers. This paper overviews the issues related to the smart grid architecture from the perspective of potential applications and the communications requirements needed for ensuring performance, flexible operation, reliability and economics.
1,018 citations
Cites background from "Future Energy Systems: Integrating ..."
...The new systems would provide higher and widely distributed intelligence embedded in local electricity production, two-way electricity and information flows, thus achieving reliable, flexible, efficient, economic, and secure power delivery and use [22]....
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TL;DR: A determinist energy management system for a microgrid, including advanced PV generators with embedded storage units and a gas microturbine is proposed, which is implemented in two parts: a central energy management of the microgrid and a local power management at the customer side.
Abstract: The development of energy management tools for next-generation PhotoVoltaic (PV) installations, including storage units, provides flexibility to distribution system operators. In this paper, the aggregation and implementation of these determinist energy management methods for business customers in a microgrid power system are presented. This paper proposes a determinist energy management system for a microgrid, including advanced PV generators with embedded storage units and a gas microturbine. The system is organized according to different functions and is implemented in two parts: a central energy management of the microgrid and a local power management at the customer side. The power planning is designed according to the prediction for PV power production and the load forecasting. The central and local management systems exchange data and order through a communication network. According to received grid power references, additional functions are also designed to manage locally the power flows between the various sources. Application to the case of a hybrid supercapacitor battery-based PV active generator is presented.
905 citations
TL;DR: The most-adopted wind-turbine systems, the adopted generators, the topologies of the converters, the generator control and grid connection issues, as well as their arrangement in wind parks are reviewed.
Abstract: Multimegawatt wind-turbine systems, often organized in a wind park, are the backbone of the power generation based on renewable-energy systems. This paper reviews the most-adopted wind-turbine systems, the adopted generators, the topologies of the converters, the generator control and grid connection issues, as well as their arrangement in wind parks.
860 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a design example is presented by experimental implementation of the proposed technique and practical results for the implemented setup at different irradiance levels are illustrated to validate the proposed scheme.
Abstract: Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has witnessed double-digit growth in the past decade. The penetration of PV systems as distributed generators in low-voltage grids has also seen significant attention. In addition, the need for higher overall grid efficiency and reliability has boosted the interest in the microgrid concept. High-efficiency PV-based microgrids require maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers to maximize the harvested energy due to the nonlinearity in PV module characteristics. Perturb and observe (PO second, no steady-state oscillations around the MPP; and lastly, no need for predefined system-dependent constants, hence provides a generic design core. A design example is presented by experimental implementation of the proposed technique. Practical results for the implemented setup at different irradiance levels are illustrated to validate the proposed technique.
774 citations
Cites background from "Future Energy Systems: Integrating ..."
...varies with environmental conditions, an adequate maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is needed [4], [5]....
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...impact, and development of advanced control and monitoring algorithms [4]....
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...is growing at more than 30% per year [4]....
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References
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TL;DR: An overview of the structures for the DPGS based on fuel cell, photovoltaic, and wind turbines is given and the possibility of compensation for low-order harmonics is discussed.
Abstract: Renewable energy sources like wind, sun, and hydro are seen as a reliable alternative to the traditional energy sources such as oil, natural gas, or coal. Distributed power generation systems (DPGSs) based on renewable energy sources experience a large development worldwide, with Germany, Denmark, Japan, and USA as leaders in the development in this field. Due to the increasing number of DPGSs connected to the utility network, new and stricter standards in respect to power quality, safe running, and islanding protection are issued. As a consequence, the control of distributed generation systems should be improved to meet the requirements for grid interconnection. This paper gives an overview of the structures for the DPGS based on fuel cell, photovoltaic, and wind turbines. In addition, control structures of the grid-side converter are presented, and the possibility of compensation for low-order harmonics is also discussed. Moreover, control strategies when running on grid faults are treated. This paper ends up with an overview of synchronization methods and a discussion about their importance in the control
4,655 citations
"Future Energy Systems: Integrating ..." refers background in this paper
...The challenge of connecting a renewable source to the utility network is largely solved by electronic power converters that handle two main tasks [3], [21], [22]: 1) Maximum Power Transfer and Power Limit: On the input side (source), power electronics control and transform the load characteristics so that maximum power is extracted from the source....
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...The most relevant goals of PV energy include 40% cost reduction of PV panels and of the power-converter stage within five years, increased efficiency of both panels and converters [3], [4], and considerable improvement RENEWABLE ENERGY—THE NEXT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION...
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TL;DR: New trends in power electronics for the integration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generators are presented and a review of the appropriate storage-system technology used for the Integration of intermittent renewable energy sources is introduced.
Abstract: The use of distributed energy resources is increasingly being pursued as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional central power stations. The specification of a power-electronic interface is subject to requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects on the power-system operation, especially where the intermittent energy source constitutes a significant part of the total system capacity. In this paper, new trends in power electronics for the integration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generators are presented. A review of the appropriate storage-system technology used for the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources is also introduced. Discussions about common and future trends in renewable energy systems based on reliability and maturity of each technology are presented
3,799 citations
"Future Energy Systems: Integrating ..." refers background in this paper
...The challenge of connecting a renewable source to the utility network is largely solved by electronic power converters that handle two main tasks [3], [21], [22]: 1) Maximum Power Transfer and Power Limit: On the input side (source), power electronics control and transform the load characteristics so that maximum power is extracted from the source....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the most relevant characteristics of multilevel converters, to motivate possible solutions, and to show that energy companies have to bet on these converters as a good solution compared with classic two-level converters.
Abstract: This work is devoted to review and analyze the most relevant characteristics of multilevel converters, to motivate possible solutions, and to show that we are in a decisive instant in which energy companies have to bet on these converters as a good solution compared with classic two-level converters. This article presents a brief overview of the actual applications of multilevel converters and provides an introduction of the modeling techniques and the most common modulation strategies. It also addresses the operational and technological issues.
1,847 citations
"Future Energy Systems: Integrating ..." refers background in this paper
...The increase in wind turbine size involves research on high-power converters based on modular technology (interleaved or multilevel), reliability, and on the associated control problems [10]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the transition to a smart grid has to be evolutionary to keep the lights on; on the other hand, the issues surrounding the smart grid are signifi cant enough to demand major changes in power systems operating philosophy.
Abstract: Many believe the electric power system is undergoing a profound change driven by a number of needs. There's the need for environmental compliance and energy conservation. We need better grid reliability while dealing with an aging infrastructure. And we need improved operational effi ciencies and customer service. The changes that are happening are particularly signifi cant for the electricity distribution grid, where "blind" and manual operations, along with the electromechanical components, will need to be transformed into a "smart grid." This transformation will be necessary to meet environmental targets, to accommodate a greater emphasis on demand response (DR), and to support plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) as well as distributed generation and storage capabilities. It is safe to say that these needs and changes present the power industry with the biggest challenge it has ever faced. On one hand, the transition to a smart grid has to be evolutionary to keep the lights on; on the other hand, the issues surrounding the smart grid are signifi cant enough to demand major changes in power systems operating philosophy.
1,661 citations
"Future Energy Systems: Integrating ..." refers background in this paper
...Information plays a crucial role in smart grids, and the communication infrastructure is the decisive component that connects all distributed network elements, enables exchange of information, and therefore makes the grid truly smart [15]....
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09 Oct 2006
TL;DR: The proportional-resonant (PR) controllers and filters, and their suitability for current/voltage control of grid-connected converters, are described in this article.
Abstract: The recently introduced proportional-resonant (PR) controllers and filters, and their suitability for current/voltage control of grid-connected converters, are described. Using the PR controllers, the converter reference tracking performance can be enhanced and previously known shortcomings associated with conventional PI controllers can be alleviated. These shortcomings include steady-state errors in single-phase systems and the need for synchronous d-q transformation in three-phase systems. Based on similar control theory, PR filters can also be used for generating the harmonic command reference precisely in an active power filter, especially for single-phase systems, where d-q transformation theory is not directly applicable. Another advantage associated with the PR controllers and filters is the possibility of implementing selective harmonic compensation without requiring excessive computational resources. Given these advantages and the belief that PR control will find wide-ranging applications in grid-interfaced converters, PR control theory is revised in detail with a number of practical cases that have been implemented previously, described clearly to give a comprehensive reference on PR control and filtering.
1,483 citations
"Future Energy Systems: Integrating ..." refers background in this paper
...There are various tradeoffs in complexity and performance for the control technique, so advances in computational intelligence and hardware are continually being studied [23]....
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