Future Power Distribution Grids: Integration of Renewable Energy, Energy Storage, Electric Vehicles, Superconductor, and Magnetic Bus
TL;DR: This paper focuses on a review of the state of the art of future power grids, where new and modern technologies will be integrated into the power distribution grid, and will become the future key players for electricity generation, transmission, and distribution.
Abstract: This paper focuses on a review of the state of the art of future power grids, where new and modern technologies will be integrated into the power distribution grid, and will become the future key players for electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. The current power grids are undergoing an unprecedented transformation from the original design, changing the way how energy has been produced, delivered, and consumed over the past century. This new energy era includes the integration of renewable sources such as wind and solar, supported by the distributed or community energy storage, to power distribution grids through innovative high-frequency magnetic links and power-electronic converters. The use of emission free transportation, such as electric vehicles, and energy efficient technologies, such as superconducting generators and storage systems, are also rapidly emerging and will be integrated into the power grids in the foreseeable future. However, it is necessary to reconsider the current paradigms of system analysis and plan with a focus on how to achieve the most flexible, efficient, and reliable power grid for the future - the one that enables operation in a domain which is very different than the current one to deliver the services to consumers at an affordable cost.
Summary (2 min read)
Jump to: [Introduction] – [II. A NEW CONCEPT TO UTILIZE THE ENERGY STORAGE IN A FUTURE ELECTRICITY GRID] – [III. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN POWER CONDITIONING SYSTEMS WITH SMES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATION] – [IV. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES] – [V. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN SUPERCONDUCTING WIND GENERATORS] – [VI. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN MAGNETIC BUS FOR APPLICATIONS TO FUTURE GRIDS] and [VII. CONCLUSION]
Introduction
- The fossil fuel generation of electricity is a large contributor to greenhouse gases, but the current infrastructure cannot be easily changed, as it is the product of the investment and intellectual effort of the last hundred years.
- Several attempts can be found in the literature to develop high temperature superconducting (HTS) cables [10].
II. A NEW CONCEPT TO UTILIZE THE ENERGY STORAGE IN A FUTURE ELECTRICITY GRID
- Usually, a limited amount of energy is available in a storage system, and therefore the value of the storage should increase exponentially as the energy is dissipated or when the state of charge (SoC) is getting smaller and smaller.
- This is to ensure that there will be a sufficient energy available at the later period when the demand may become higher.
- Fig. 2(a) shows the state of charge and the value of storage during one discharge-cycle, where the value of storage increases rapidly once the state of charge decreases.
- When the value of storage is low, more active power and less reactive power can be supplied from the storage, whereas when it is high, less active power can be injected and therefore more reactive power should be injected from the storage to mitigate the PV impacts.
- This is because reactive power can act as an indirect source of support to mitigate the renewable energy (RE) impacts when active power is not available to fully meet the requirements.
III. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN POWER CONDITIONING SYSTEMS WITH SMES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATION
- SMES has the ability to go from full charge to full discharge very quickly, which would make it extremely useful for integration with renewables to mitigate its adverse impacts.
- Since the solar energy resource is intermittent in nature and continually fluctuates, sometimes with high ramp-rate, it is necessary to have energy storage with fast response capacity.
- On the contrary, the SMES is well known for its rapid response.
- To control the charging and discharging of the SMES, an advanced control loop for power conditioning system needs to be carefully designed and implemented to achieve this.
- The capacity of the rooftop PV installations in the feeder can be increased without detrimental effects on the low voltage distribution.
IV. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES
- Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular day-by-day.
- The power consumed in the charging operation depends on the charging rate, the battery voltage, and the present SoC of the battery and the battery capacity.
- The EV storage devices are usually charged directly from the low voltage electricity networks.
- A real-time warning system can be developed to warn the drivers if the distance is less than a certain safety margin, with the capability of updating the warning based on traffic conditions in the roads.
V. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN SUPERCONDUCTING WIND GENERATORS
- Using superconductors for the field and/or armature winding is the only available technology that could satisfy the technical requirements for some megawatt range wind turbines.
- Fully superconducting direct drive (FSDD) generators are very promising option for wind turbines with high output power to weight ratio.
- The absence of gearbox decreases overall wind turbine cost and weight and facilitates maintenance and increases reliable operation of wind turbine.
- One of the most important ongoing researches for the MW class FSC wind turbines is their performance during fault conditions.
VI. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN MAGNETIC BUS FOR APPLICATIONS TO FUTURE GRIDS
- Fossil fuels based electricity generation causes nearly 41% of the world CO2 gas emission.
- Renewable energy based DG and EVs are becoming popular to solve these enormous challenges.
- There are a number of key challenges with the traditional dc bus based grid integration technology such as galvanic isolation and common mode.
- Amorphous magnetic material has very high magnetic saturation, high permeability, high electrical resistivity, low specific core loss and good stability, which makes it suitable for use to design a high-power density and efficient high-frequency magnetic bus [34].
- Recently a few vendors have been developing the amorphous core material, e.g. Metglas and WENERGY and deliver as ribbon of thickness between 15–35µm.
VII. CONCLUSION
- A new concept of charging and discharging energy storage based on its current SoC has been described.
- The use and the benefit of the electric vehicles have been discussed.
- Recent developments of superconducting wind generators have been reviewed.
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