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Proceedings ArticleDOI

FUZPAG: A fuzzy-controlled packet aggregation scheme for wireless mesh networks

09 Sep 2010-Vol. 2, pp 778-782
TL;DR: FUZPAG is presented, a novel packet aggregation architecture for IEEE 802.11-based wireless mesh networks that uses fuzzy control to determine the optimum aggregation buffer delay under the current channel utilization and outperforms standard aggregation in terms of end-to-end latency.
Abstract: Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are wireless multi-hop backhaul networks in which mesh routers relay traffic on behalf of clients or other routers. Due to large MAC layer overhead, applications such as Voice over IP, which send many small packets, show poor performance in WMNs. Packet aggregation increases the capacity of IEEE 802.11-based WMNs by aggregating small packets into larger ones and thereby reducing overhead. In order to have enough packets to aggregate, packets need to be delayed and buffered. Current aggregation mechanisms use fixed buffer delays or do not take into account the delay characteristics of the saturated IEEE 802.11 MAC layer. In this work, we present FUZPAG, a novel packet aggregation architecture for IEEE 802.11-based wireless mesh networks. It uses fuzzy control to determine the optimum aggregation buffer delay under the current channel utilization. By cooperation among neighboring nodes FUZPAG distributes the buffer delay in a fair way. We implemented and evaluated the system in a wireless mesh testbed. For different network topologies we show that FUZPAG outperforms standard aggregation in terms of end-to-end latency under a wide range of traffic patterns.
Citations
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Hany Assasa1, Adrian Loch1, Joerg Widmer1
21 Jun 2016
TL;DR: This paper investigates in which case nodes should wait to construct a larger aggregated packet before starting the channel access procedure, and presents a simple waiting policy for the uplink case that either waits for a minimum number of packets or for a maximum amount of time, whichever comes first, and shows that both policies significantly improve medium utilization.
Abstract: The impact of frame aggregation on wireless network performance increases dramatically with higher data rates. The key problem is that the transmission time of packets decreases while the medium access, preamble and packet header overhead remain the same. Recent 802.11 standards address this issue using frame aggregation, i.e., grouping multiple data frames in a single transmission to reduce the overhead. This already provides substantial efficiency gains in networks operating in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, and for future 60 GHz networks such as 802.11ad, gains are even more pronounced due to the order-of-magnitude higher data rates. In 802.11ad, frame aggregation becomes crucial to achieve the multi-gbps data rates that are possible in theory, since medium access overhead can be 20x larger than the time required to transmit a single packet. While frame aggregation is essential, it very much depends on the traffic patterns present in the wireless network, and a node may not always have enough packets in the transmit queue to achieve a sufficiently large aggregated frame size. In this paper, we investigate in which case nodes should wait to construct a larger aggregated packet before starting the channel access procedure. We present a simple waiting policy for the uplink case that either waits for a minimum number of packets or for a maximum amount of time, whichever comes first. For the downlink case, we utilize a maximum weight scheduling policy with a maximum waiting time. Our results show that both policies significantly improve medium utilization, thus increasing throughput and reducing end-to-end delay.

7 citations


Cites background from "FUZPAG: A fuzzy-controlled packet a..."

  • ...We first give some background on 60 GHz networks and then survey existing work on frame aggregation....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
17 Oct 2011
TL;DR: An Aggregation Aware Multi-path Forwarding Paradigm for Wireless Mesh Networks : AA-L2R Aggregation aware multi-path Routing and its Applications.
Abstract: Wireless communication has seen a tremendous growth in the last decades. Continuing on this trend, wireless multi-hop networks are nowadays used or planned for use in a multitude of contexts, spanning from Internet access at home to emergency situations.The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable and ordered delivery of a data and is used by major Internet applications such as web browsers, email clients and file transfer programs. TCP traffic is also the dominating traffic type on the Internet. However, TCP performs less than optimal in wireless multi-hop networks due to packet reordering, low link capacity, packet loss and variable delay.In this thesis, we develop novel proposals for enhancing the network and transport layer to improve TCP performance in wireless multi-hop networks. As initial studies, we experimentally evaluate the performance of different TCP variants, with and without mobile nodes. We further evaluate the impact of multi-path routing on TCP performance and propose packet aggregation combined with aggregation aware multi-path forwarding as a means to better utilize the available bandwidth. The last contribution is a novel extension to multi-path TCP to enable single-homed hosts to fully utilize the network capacity.

6 citations


Cites background from "FUZPAG: A fuzzy-controlled packet a..."

  • ...This has been shown to be beneficial even for VoIP services, where the controlled delay introduced to aggregate packets increased the total achievable mean opinion score (MOS) [12]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents an application layer forwarding service that offers proportional differentiation while limiting network load to preserve high utilization and predictability and evaluates the CLC for 802.15.4 with CSMA/CA through NS-3 simulations showing that it offers the intended service while adjusting load for high overall throughput and low delay.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks are nowadays used in various applications to facilitate monitoring and actuation tasks, e.g., for smart grids and industrial automation. Some of these applications require guarantees or at least assurances on reliability. Such applications expect predictable throughput and delay, which are hard to maintain in environments with changing radio conditions. QoS-aware MAC protocols capable of handling such environments are well explored. They require however protocol changes and are therefore difficult to deploy. This paper presents an application layer forwarding service that offers proportional differentiation while limiting network load to preserve high utilization and predictability. Demands for capacity are expressed as fractions of the overall channel throughput. We show that this service can be implemented with a cognitive load controller (CLC) based on fuzzy logic and quality assessed with utility functions for application layer packet loss and throughput. We evaluate the CLC for 802.15.4 with CSMA/CA through NS-3 simulations showing that it offers the intended service while adjusting load for high overall throughput and low delay.

5 citations


Cites background from "FUZPAG: A fuzzy-controlled packet a..."

  • ...In [29], the fuzzy logic system provides high throughput under low latency....

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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Future Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) with high carrier frequencies and wide channels need a dense deployment of Access Points (APs) to provide good performance.
Abstract: Future Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) with high carrier frequencies and wide channels need a dense deployment of Access Points (APs) to provide good performance. In densely deployed WLANs ass ...

5 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
28 Jul 2011
TL;DR: This paper proposes a novel, dynamic and persistent traffic adaption model, called FTAM, based on the fuzzy logic, which is known by its dynamicity and efficiency in uncertain environment and proves the efficiency in terms of real time traffic QoS guarantee and preventive congestion control.
Abstract: Nowadays, real time traffic over wireless networks is increasing sharply. In addition, network scale is larger due to new facilities as offered by wireless mesh networks. However, the differences between (1) the infrastructure capacities, (2) the end users devices technologies, (3) the number of users, and (4) the number of real time applications are implying the need of more dynamic quality of service (QoS) models. Traditional QoS models are not always suitable to fill out the gap between the four cited points. We are mentioning more QoS degradation due to network congestion. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel, dynamic and persistent traffic adaption model, called FTAM. Its main role is to avoid as maximum as possible network congestion. FTAM is based on the fuzzy logic, which is known by its dynamicity and efficiency in uncertain environment. By monitoring the nodes queues evolution, FTAM estimates network congestion and makes the suitable traffic adaptation step. Extensive simulations have proved the efficiency of FTAM in terms of real time traffic QoS guarantee and preventive congestion control.

4 citations


Cites methods from "FUZPAG: A fuzzy-controlled packet a..."

  • ...A fuzzy-based packet aggregation approach is also proposed in [20] based on packet delays and channel occupancy....

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References
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Book
01 Sep 1997
TL;DR: Drawing on their extensive experience working with industry on implementations, Kevin Passino and Stephen Yurkovich have written an excellent hands-on introduction for professionals and educators interested in learning or teaching fuzzy control.
Abstract: From the Publisher: Fuzzy control is emerging as a practical alternative to conventional methods of solving challenging control problems. Written by two authors who have been involved in creating theoretical foundations for the field and who have helped assess the value of this new technology relative to conventional approaches, Fuzzy Control is filled with a wealth of examples and case studies on design and implementation. Computer code and MATLAB files can be downloaded for solving the book's examples and problems and can be easily modified to implement the reader's own fuzzy controllers or estimators. Drawing on their extensive experience working with industry on implementations, Kevin Passino and Stephen Yurkovich have written an excellent hands-on introduction for professionals and educators interested in learning or teaching fuzzy control.

2,207 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The model allows stations to have different traffic arrival rates, enabling the question of fairness between competing flows to be addressed, and accurately capture many interesting features of nonsaturated operation.
Abstract: Analysis of the 802.11 CSMA/CA mechanism has received considerable attention recently. Bianchi presented an analytic model under a saturated traffic assumption. Bianchi's model is accurate, but typical network conditions are nonsaturated and heterogeneous. We present an extension of his model to a nonsaturated environment. The model's predictions, validated against simulation, accurately capture many interesting features of nonsaturated operation. For example, the model predicts that peak throughput occurs prior to saturation. Our model allows stations to have different traffic arrival rates, enabling us to address the question of fairness between competing flows. Although we use a specific arrival process, it encompasses a wide range of interesting traffic types including, in particular, VoIP.

660 citations


"FUZPAG: A fuzzy-controlled packet a..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...We use Malone’s model [6] of the IEEE 802....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigates the key MAC enhancements that help 802.11n achieve high throughput and high efficiency, and concludes that overall, the two-level aggregation is the most efficacious.
Abstract: IEEE 802.11n is an ongoing next-generation wireless LAN standard that supports a very highspeed connection with more than 100 Mb/s data throughput measured at the medium access control layer. This article investigates the key MAC enhancements that help 802.11n achieve high throughput and high efficiency. A detailed description is given for various frame aggregation mechanisms proposed in the latest 802.11n draft standard. Our simulation results confirm that A-MSDU, A-MPDU, and a combination of these methods improve extensively the channel efficiency and data throughput. We analyze the performance of each frame aggregation scheme in distinct scenarios, and we conclude that overall, the two-level aggregation is the most efficacious.

380 citations


"FUZPAG: A fuzzy-controlled packet a..." refers background in this paper

  • ...[3] shows that frame aggregation in 802....

    [...]

  • ...11n [3] provide static aggregation mechanisms such as block-ACKs or MAC-frame aggregation....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2003
TL;DR: An analytical model based on a Markov chain is presented which allows us to derive closed form expressions for the packet delays, the probability of a packet being discarded when it reaches the maximum retransmission limit and the average time to drop such a packet for the basic and RTS/CTS access mechanisms.
Abstract: The contribution of this paper is on the study of packet delays for the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network DCF MAC protocol. A method is presented capable of taking into account retransmission delays with or without retry limits. We present an analytical model based on a Markov chain which allows us to derive closed form expressions for the packet delays, the probability of a packet being discarded when it reaches the maximum retransmission limit and the average time to drop such a packet for the basic and RTS/CTS access mechanisms. The results presented are for standard protocol parameters versus the number of contention stations. Finally, the accuracy of the analytical model is verified by simulations.

322 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...The MAC layer service delay is the time span from when the packet arrives as head-of-line at the MAC layer and is successfully sent and is estimated according to [7]....

    [...]

Proceedings ArticleDOI
24 Oct 2007
TL;DR: The analysis of the data provides a comprehensive summary about current protocol usage including comparisons to prior studies and header misbehaviors and anomalies were found within almost every aspect analyzed and are discussed in detail.
Abstract: The dominating Internet protocols, IP and TCP, allow some flexibility in implementation, including a variety of optional features. To support research and further development of these protocols, it is crucial to know about current deployment of protocol specific features and accompanying anomalies. This work is intended to reflect the current characteristics of Internet backbone traffic and point out misbehaviors and potential problems. On 20 consecutive days in April 2006 bidirectional traffic was collected on an OC-192 backbone link. The analysis of the data provides a comprehensive summary about current protocol usage including comparisons to prior studies. Furthermore, header misbehaviors and anomalies were found within almost every aspect analyzed and are discussed in detail. These observations are important information for designers of network protocols, network application and network attack detection systems.1..

172 citations


"FUZPAG: A fuzzy-controlled packet a..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Furthermore, as reported by [1] about 50% of the packets on the Internet are smaller than 700 bytes....

    [...]