Galactic rotation from Cepheids with Gaia DR2 and effects of non-axisymmetry
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...…and velocities of some tracers: H ii regions (Fich et al. 1989; Brand & Blitz 1993), Cepheids (Pont et al. 1994, 1997; Metzger et al. 1998; Kawata et al. 2018), open clusters (Hron 1987), or planetary nebulae (Durand et al. 1998), but the current uncertainties are considerable (see Figure…...
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...Thus, they are taken as excellent objects to study the structure, kine- matics and dynamics of the Galaxy, such as RR lyrae stars (Ablimit & Zhao 2017; Medina et al. 2018; Ablimit & Zhao 2018; Utkin et al. 2018; Wegg et al. 2018) and Cepheids (e.g., Kawata et al. 2018)....
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...The effect of the asymmetric drift is not considered in the calculation of this work due to the very small systematic uncertainty it causes (e.g., estimated as ±0.28 km s−1 by Kawata et al. 2018)....
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...The Sun’s rotation velocity obtained from the 3D velocity method is, within uncertainties, consistent with the relatively higher values reported by Metezger et al. (1998), Reid et al.(2014), Kawata et al.(2018) and Mróz et al. (2019)....
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...It is well known that the motions of stars are affected by Galactic substructures (e.g. Grand, Kawata & Cropper 2014; Bovy et al.2015; Kawata et al. 2018; Martinez-Medina et al. 2019)....
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