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Gas Balancing and Line-pack Flexibility. Concepts and Methodologies for Organizing and Regulating Gas Balancing in Liberalized and Integrated EU Gas Markets. (Gasbalancering en netwerkflexibiliteit. Concepten en methodologieën voor de organisatie en regulering van gasbalancering in vrijgemaakte en geïntegreerde EU gasmarkten.)

26 Sep 2012-
TL;DR: The organization of balancing is properly discussed by taking both the shipper’s viewpoint and that of the TSO into account in a number of essays focusing on specific balancing problems and challenges, and quantitative methodologies on a conceptual level are presented.
Abstract: The liberalization and unbundling of the gas industry in Europe creates new challenges for the operation of the gas system. In particular the short-term coordination of shippers and the gas-transmission-system operator becomes difficult as information and responsibilities are distributed between them. The balancing mechanism establishes the main interface between these two gas-market actors and thus its design is important. The industry has been reflecting on the proper organization of gas balancing, but no consensus design could be agreed on yet. At the same time, the interest in this topic by academia has been limited, even though independent research into the gas-balancing problem can further advance the debate. In this thesis, therefore, the organization of balancing is properly discussed by taking both the shipper’s viewpoint and that of the TSO into account in a number of essays focusing on specific balancing problems and challenges. Moreover, this work presents quantitative methodologies on a conceptual level that can be applied to other, practical problems by other researchers and the industry. The first part of this work provides a thorough, but concise overview of what balancing is and how it is organized and how it can be organized drawing lessons from other sectors like the US gas market and the EU electricity sector. The second part presents essays on the challenges of balancing in a national context without cross-border interactions. First, current regulation of line-pack flexibility is found to be inefficient and actually gas-market distorting. Second, rising unpredictability of the gas demand, transferred from RES intermittency, creates challenges for gas-system balancing with respect to the balancing design. Both market-based and non-market-based designs are imperfect and policy makers have to be made aware of that problem. In a third part of this work, methodologies are developed to study the effects of cross-border balancing in a multi-region gas market. Efficiency gains are shown to be possible for hypothetical gas systems if the settlement designs provide correct incentives. If wrong incentives are provided, on the other hand, the overall efficiency can reduce because imbalances are moved to regions that are less efficient in balancing. In a market-based balancing mechanism, TSOs can also cooperate with regard to the procurement of flexible gas or the exchange of line-pack flexibility. This kind of cooperation is shown to improve efficiency for hypothetical cases, but researchers who have access to real data can apply the conceptual methodology to calculate the efficiency gains of cooperating across a particular border.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a mixed-integer linear programing (MILP) formulation that couples power and gas networks taking into account the gas traveling velocity and compressibility is presented.
Abstract: The significant growth in gas-fired units worldwide has increased the grade of interdependency between power and natural gas networks. Since these units are usually required to ramp up during the peak and backup intermittent renewable generation and contingencies, the power system tends to demand more flexibility and reliability from the gas system. This paper contributes with a novel mixed-integer linear programing (MILP) formulation that couples power and gas networks taking into account the gas traveling velocity and compressibility. As a result, the model accounts for the gas adequacy needed to assure the power system reliability in the short term. The robustness of the MILP formulation allows guaranteeing global optimality within predefined tolerances. Case studies integrate the IEEE 24-bus system and Belgian high-calorific gas network for validating the formulation.

377 citations


Cites background or methods from "Gas Balancing and Line-pack Flexibi..."

  • ...This factor corresponds to the ratio of the total gas power input over the total electric power output [15]....

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  • ...Moreover, [15] uses an MINLP technique to compute “feasible and at least locally optimal solutions” for the integrated problem and [16] does it through SLP....

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  • ...The flow, pressure and line pack are defined as averages at the middle of the pipe segment avoiding nonphysical oscillations caused by parasitic solution components and allowing larger time steps [15], [25]....

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Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of distributing gas through a network of pipelines is formulated as a cost minimization subject to nonlinear flow-pressure relations, material balances, and pressure bounds.
Abstract: The problem of distributing gas through a network of pipelines is formulated as a cost minimization subject to nonlinear flow-pressure relations, material balances, and pressure bounds. The solution method is based on piecewise linear approximations of the nonlinear flow-pressure relations. The approximated problem is solved by an extension of the Simplex method. The solution method is tested on real-world data and compared with alternative solution methods.

345 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an operational model has been developed that includes the gas, electricity and CO 2 sector to analyse the effects of power to gas (PtG) on these sectors and on the interactions between them.

170 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a convex optimization based distributed algorithm was proposed to solve the multi-period optimal gas-power flow (OGPF) problem in coupled energy distribution systems, where the nonconvex Weymouth gas flow equations were convexified as quadratic constraints.
Abstract: This paper proposes a convex optimization based distributed algorithm to solve the multi-period optimal gas-power flow (OGPF) problem in coupled energy distribution systems. At the gas distribution system side, the nonconvex Weymouth gas flow equations are convexified as quadratic constraints. Then, the optimal gas flow (OGF) subproblem is solved by an iterative second-order cone programming (SOCP) procedure, whose efficiency is two orders of magnitudes higher than traditional nonlinear methods. A convex quadratic program based initiation scheme is suggested, which helps to find a high-quality starting point. At the power distribution system side, convex relaxation is performed on the nonconvex branch flow equations, and the optimal power flow (OPF) subproblem gives rise to an SOCP. Tightness is guaranteed by the radial topology. In the proposed distributed algorithm, the OGF problem and the OPF problem are solved independently, and coordinated by the alternating direction multiplier method. Numerical results corroborate significant enhancements on computational robustness and efficiency compared with existing OGPF calculation methods.

118 citations


Cites background or methods from "Gas Balancing and Line-pack Flexibi..."

  • ...According to the operational routine of gas networks, the directions of gas flows are fixed intra-day [20]....

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  • ...For the modeling of the GDN, we assume: 1) The gas flow directions are fixed [20], and can be known in advance from heuristic methods or operating experiences....

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  • ...According to the gas system operation practice, the gas flow direction in GDN does not change intra-day [20]....

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  • ...Non-steady-state operation endows the gas system with storage capability which also adds flexibility to power system operation [20]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a linear expansion co-planning (ECP) model is proposed to minimize the overall capital and operational costs for the coupled gas and power systems, where linear formulations are introduced to deal with the nonlinear nature of the objective functions and constraints.
Abstract: In a carbon-constrained world, the continuing and rapid growth of gas-fired power generation (GPG) will lead to the increasing demand for natural gas. The reliable and affordable gas supply hence becomes an important factor to consider in power system planning. Meanwhile, the installation of GPG units should take into account not only the fuel supply constraints but also the capability of sending out the generated power. In this paper, a novel expansion co-planning (ECP) model is proposed, aiming to minimize the overall capital and operational costs for the coupled gas and power systems. Moreover, linear formulations are introduced to deal with the nonlinear nature of the objective functions and constraints. Furthermore, the physical and economic interactions between the two systems are simulated by an iterative process. The proposed linear co-planning approach is tested on a simple six-bus power system with a seven-node gas system and a modified IEEE 118-bus system with a 14-node gas system. Numerical results have demonstrated that our co-planning approach can allow systematic investigations on supporting cost-effective operating and planning decisions for power systems.

108 citations


Cites background from "Gas Balancing and Line-pack Flexibi..."

  • ...Line-pack is the pressurized gas stored in pipelines throughout the gas network [37]....

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References
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Book
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The Theory of Industrial Organization as discussed by the authors is the first primary text to treat the new industrial organization at the advanced-undergraduate and graduate level Rigorously analytical and filled with exercises coded to indicate level of difficulty, it provides a unified and modern treatment of the field with accessible models that are simplified to highlight robust economic ideas.
Abstract: The Theory of Industrial Organization is the first primary text to treat the new industrial organization at the advanced-undergraduate and graduate level Rigorously analytical and filled with exercises coded to indicate level of difficulty, it provides a unified and modern treatment of the field with accessible models that are simplified to highlight robust economic ideas while working at an intuitive level To aid students at different levels, each chapter is divided into a main text and supplementary section containing more advanced material Each chapter opens with elementary models and builds on this base to incorporate current research in a coherent synthesis Tirole begins with a background discussion of the theory of the firm In part I he develops the modern theory of monopoly, addressing single product and multi product pricing, static and intertemporal price discrimination, quality choice, reputation, and vertical restraints In part II, Tirole takes up strategic interaction between firms, starting with a novel treatment of the Bertrand-Cournot interdependent pricing problem He studies how capacity constraints, repeated interaction, product positioning, advertising, and asymmetric information affect competition or tacit collusion He then develops topics having to do with long term competition, including barriers to entry, contestability, exit, and research and development He concludes with a "game theory user's manual" and a section of review exercises

9,777 citations


"Gas Balancing and Line-pack Flexibi..." refers background in this paper

  • ...and storage services offered by this multi-product monopoly are part of different markets – as both have different substitutes – even if the production costs of the two services are dependent [92]....

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Journal ArticleDOI

7,907 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the problem of adjusting the marginal utility of money to different people in a purely competitive system with no foreign trade and assume that private and social net products are always equal or have been made so by State interference not included in the taxation.
Abstract: TILE problem I propose to tackle is this: a given revenue is to be raised by proportionate taxes on some or all uses of income, the taxes on different uses being possibly at different rates; how should these rates be adjusted in order that the decrement of utility may be a minimum? I propose to neglect altogether questions of distribution and considerations arising from the differences in the marginal utility of money to different people; and I shall deal only with a purely competitive system with no foreign trade. Further I shall suppose that, in Professor Pigou's terminology, private and social net products are always equal or have been made so by State interference not included in the taxation we are considering. I thus exclude the case discussed in Marshall's Principles in which a bounty on increasing-return commodities is advisable. Nevertheless we shall find that the obvious solution that there should be no differentiation is entirely erroneous. The effect of taxation is to transfer income in the first place from individuals to the State and then, in part, back again to rentiers and pensioners. These transfers will slightly alter the demand schedules in a way depending on the incidence of the taxes and the manner of their expenditure. I neglect these alterations; 1 and I also suppose that \" a given revenue \" means a given money revenue, \" money \" being so adjusted that its marginal utility is constant. This problem was suggested to me by Professor Pigou, to whom I am also indebted for help and encouragement in its solution. In the first part I deal with the perfectly general utility function and establish a result which is valid for a sufficiently small revenue, and takes a peculiarly simple form if we can treat the revenue as an infinitesimal. I prove, in fact, that in raising an infinitesimal revenue by proportionate taxes on given commodities the taxes should be such as to diminish in the same proportion the production of each commodity taxed. In the second part I assume that the utility function is quadratic, which means roughly that the supply and demand

2,563 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper facilitates the reliable use of nonlinear convex relaxations in global optimization via a polyhedral branch-and-cut approach and proves that, if the convexity of a univariate or multivariate function is apparent by decomposing it into convex subexpressions, the relaxation constructor automatically exploits this convexITY in a manner that is much superior to developing polyhedral outer approximators for the original function.
Abstract: A variety of nonlinear, including semidefinite, relaxations have been developed in recent years for nonconvex optimization problems. Their potential can be realized only if they can be solved with sufficient speed and reliability. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art nonlinear programming codes are significantly slower and numerically unstable compared to linear programming software.In this paper, we facilitate the reliable use of nonlinear convex relaxations in global optimization via a polyhedral branch-and-cut approach. Our algorithm exploits convexity, either identified automatically or supplied through a suitable modeling language construct, in order to generate polyhedral cutting planes and relaxations for multivariate nonconvex problems. We prove that, if the convexity of a univariate or multivariate function is apparent by decomposing it into convex subexpressions, our relaxation constructor automatically exploits this convexity in a manner that is much superior to developing polyhedral outer approximators for the original function. The convexity of functional expressions that are composed to form nonconvex expressions is also automatically exploited.Root-node relaxations are computed for 87 problems from globallib and minlplib, and detailed computational results are presented for globally solving 26 of these problems with BARON 7.2, which implements the proposed techniques. The use of cutting planes for these problems reduces root-node relaxation gaps by up to 100% and expedites the solution process, often by several orders of magnitude.

1,205 citations

01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that the suggested courses of action are inappropriate, in that they lead to results which are not necessarily, or even usually, desirable, and therefore, it is recommended to exclude the factory from residential districts (and presumably from other areas in which the emission of smoke would have harmful effects on others).
Abstract: This paper is concerned with those actions of business firms which have harmful effects on others. The standard example is that of a factory the smoke from which has harmful effects on those occupying neighbouring properties. The economic analysis of such a situation has usually proceeded in terms of a divergence between the private and social product of the factory, in which economists have largely followed the treatment of Pigou in The Economics of Welfare. The conclusions to which this kind of analysis seems to have led most economists is that it would be desirable to make the owner of the factory liable for the damage caused to those injured by the smoke, or alternatively, to place a tax on the factory owner varying with the amount of smoke produced and equivalent in money terms to the damage it would cause, or finally, to exclude the factory from residential districts (and presumably from other areas in which the emission of smoke would have harmful effects on others). It is my contention that the suggested courses of action are inappropriate, in that they lead to results which are not necessarily, or even usually, desirable.

1,001 citations