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Journal ArticleDOI

Gender differences in the association of visceral and subcutaneous adiposity with adiponectin in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study

TL;DR: The statistically significant inverse association of VAT and adiponectin persisted after additionally adjusting for SAT, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), suggesting that VAT provides significant information above and beyond BMI and WC.
Abstract: Adiponectin, paradoxically reduced in obesity and with lower levels in African Americans (AA), modulates several cardiometabolic risk factors. Because abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), known to be reduced in AA, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) compartments may confer differential metabolic risk profiles, we investigated the associations of VAT and SAT with serum adiponectin, separately by gender, with the hypothesis that VAT is more strongly inversely associated with adiponectin than SAT. Participants from the Jackson Heart Study, an ongoing cohort of AA (n = 2,799; 64% women; mean age, 55 ± 11 years) underwent computer tomography assessment of SAT and VAT volumes, and had stored serum specimens analyzed for adiponectin levels. These levels were examined by gender in relation to increments of VAT and SAT. Compared to women, men had significantly lower mean levels of adiponectin (3.9 ± 3.0 μg/mL vs. 6.0 ± 4.4 μg/mL; p < 0.01) and mean volume of SAT (1,721 ± 803 cm3 vs. 2,668 ± 968 cm3; p < 0.01) but significantly higher mean volume of VAT (884 ± 416 cm3 vs. 801 ± 363 cm3; p < 0.01). Among women, a one standard deviation increment in VAT was inversely associated with adiponectin (β = − 0.13; p < 0.0001) after controlling for age, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, education, pack-years of smoking and daily intake of alcohol. The statistically significant inverse association of VAT and adiponectin persisted after additionally adjusting for SAT, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), suggesting that VAT provides significant information above and beyond BMI and WC. Among men, after the same multivariable adjustment, there was a direct association of SAT and adiponectin (β = 0.18; p = 0.002) that persisted when controlling for BMI and WC, supporting a beneficial effect of SAT. Insulin resistance mediated the association of SAT with adiponectin in women. In African Americans, abdominal visceral adipose tissue had an inverse association with serum adiponectin concentrations only among women. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue appeared as a protective fat depot in men.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of adipocytokines and proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is explored, particularly on adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin, with a brief mention of resistin, visfatin and retinol-binding protein 4 among adipokines, and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and briefly IL-18 among pro inflammatory cytokines.
Abstract: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver of a patient with no history of alcohol abuse or other causes for secondary hepatic steatosis. The pathogenesis of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has not been fully elucidated. The “two-hit“ hypothesis is probably a too simplified model to elaborate complex pathogenetic events occurring in patients with NASH. It should be better regarded as a multiple step process, with accumulation of liver fat being the first step, followed by the development of necroinflammation and fibrosis. Adipose tissue, which has emerged as an endocrine organ with a key role in energy homeostasis, is responsive to both central and peripheral metabolic signals and is itself capable of secreting a number of proteins. These adipocyte-specific or enriched proteins, termed adipokines, have been shown to have a variety of local, peripheral, and central effects. In the current review, we explore the role of adipocytokines and proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We particularly focus on adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin, with a brief mention of resistin, visfatin and retinol-binding protein 4 among adipokines, and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and briefly IL-18 among proinflammatory cytokines. We update their role in NAFLD, as elucidated in experimental models and clinical practice.

252 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Dec 2014
TL;DR: It seems that in the pig and humans, INTMF and VAT share a similar pattern of distribution and a similar association of components dictating insulin sensitivity, while in pigs, the relationship between leanness and higher proportions of IN TMF fat in pigs was not observed in human studies and was not corroborated by other pig studies.
Abstract: Human studies of the influence of aging and other factors on intermuscular fat (INTMF) were reviewed. Intermuscular fat increased with weight loss, weight gain, or with no weight change with age in humans. An increase in INTMF represents a similar threat to type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance as does visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Studies of INTMF in animals covered topics such as quantitative deposition and genetic relationships with other fat depots. The relationship between leanness and higher proportions of INTMF fat in pigs was not observed in human studies and was not corroborated by other pig studies. In humans, changes in muscle mass, strength and quality are associated with INTMF accretion with aging. Gene expression profiling and intrinsic methylation differences in pigs demonstrated that INTMF and VAT are primarily associated with inflammatory and immune processes. It seems that in the pig and humans, INTMF and VAT share a similar pattern of distribution and a similar association of components dictating insulin sensitivity. Studies on intramuscular (IM) adipocyte development in meat animals were reviewed. Gene expression analysis and genetic analysis have identified candidate genes involved in IM adipocyte development. Intramuscular (IM) adipocyte development in human muscle is only seen during aging and some pathological circumstance. Several genetic links between human and meat animal adipogenesis have been identified. In pigs, the Lipin1 and Lipin 2 gene have strong genetic effects on IM accumulation. Lipin1 deficiency results in immature adipocyte development in human lipodystrophy. In humans, overexpression of Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) facilitates intramyocellular lipid accretion whereas in pigs PLIN2 gene expression is associated with IM deposition. Lipins and perilipins may influence intramuscular lipid regardless of species.

120 citations


Cites background from "Gender differences in the associati..."

  • ...The protective action of gluteal femoral SQF seems to be further limited to the femoral subcutaneous region and not necessarily with the gluteal region in black South African women further confounding the issue with ethnicity differences.(11,16,25,27,29-32) Indeed, even gender appears to have a profound influence on the responses by different adipose depots....

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  • ...Indeed, even gender appears to have a profound influence on the responses by different adipose depots.(16,32-34) One mechanism that seems universal in human adipose depot regulation of adipose tissue is insulin, although, with as much variation within one species (human) one can only imagine the differences which exist between species....

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  • ...Issues associated with adipose depot include disruption of normal function of organs due to infiltration with lipid-filled adipocytes—for example, nonalcoholic fatty livers are not capable of functioning as properly as normal livers, and is likely a precursor of fatty infiltration into other organs/tissues.(9,16) An interest of this paper is on the specific differences in INTMF vs....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Dietary intake of natural products endowed with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities may represent a valid interventional approach for preventing and/or attenuating the pathological consequences of obesity.
Abstract: Childhood obesity is characterized by a low grade inflammation status depending on the multicellular release of cytokines, adipokines and reactive oxygen species. In particular, the imbalance between anti-inflammatory T regulatory cells and inflammatory T helper 17 cells seems to sustain such a phlogistic condition. Alterations of gut microbiota since childhood also contribute to the maintenance of inflammation. Therefore, besides preventive measures and caloric restrictions, dietary intake of natural products endowed with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities may represent a valid interventional approach for preventing and/or attenuating the pathological consequences of obesity. In this regard, the use of prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and melatonin in human clinical trials will be described.

61 citations


Cites background from "Gender differences in the associati..."

  • ...They secrete in large amounts TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), as well as nitric oxide (NO) (24)....

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  • ...Adiponectin exerts anti-inflammatory activities, inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α production (112)....

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  • ...On the other hand, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 serum levels were increased in asthmatic obese and obese children in comparison to asthmatic children and controls....

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  • ...Treated subjects exhibited a significant reduction in weight as well as in TNF-α and IL-6 with an increase in adiponectin in comparison to the placebo group....

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  • ...In view of its beneficial activities, melatonin has successfully been used in rats with MetS diminishing insulin resistance, release of TNF-α and IL-6 from adipocytes, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein plasma levels and body weight (182)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2014-Headache
TL;DR: The potential mechanisms for the migraine–obesity association are discussed, with a focus on the central and peripheral pathophysiological pathways which overlap between migraine and those modulating the drive to feed.
Abstract: Obesity and headache are both associated with a substantial personal and societal impact, and epidemiologic studies have consistently identified a positive association between obesity and headache in general, as well as obesity and migraine specifically (see part I). In the current manuscript, we will discuss the potential mechanisms for the migraine–obesity association, with a focus on the central and peripheral pathophysiological pathways which overlap between migraine and those modulating the drive to feed. We then discuss surgical, behavioral, and pharmacological treatment considerations for overweight and obese migraineurs as well as for those with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. We close by briefly discussing where future research may be headed in light of this data.

60 citations


Cites background from "Gender differences in the associati..."

  • ...The majority of studies also support that ADP levels are inversely associated with obesity, with obese individuals having lower fasting ADP levels.(36,37) In the first trial evaluating interictal ADP levels in episodic and chronic migraineurs,(38) ADP and its multimers were measured in 37 participants (EM: 13; CM: 12; Control 12)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2018-Peptides
TL;DR: Higher leptin concentrations in women than in men were completely explained by differences in total body fat percentage, and visceral fat was associated with adiponectin concentrations, and did not completely explain higher adiponECTin concentrations in Women than in Men.

54 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
19 Feb 2009-Obesity
TL;DR: VAT and SAT had differential associations with serum adiponectin concentrations in Japanese men, with VAT inversely associated with VAT and SAT and positively associated with SAT when these were included concomitantly in the model.
Abstract: Adiponectin is reduced in obesity and has been suggested to play an important role in modulation of atherosclerosis. We studied the relationship between visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue and serum adiponectin concentrations in Japanese men. Participants were 304 randomly selected community-based Japanese men aged 40-49 without a prior history of cardiovascular disease. Participants were grouped according to tertiles of serum adiponectin. In multiple linear regression analysis including age, pack years of smoking, and alcohol intake as covariates, log-transformed adiponectin was inversely associated with both VAT and SAT when these two obesity measures were included separately in the models. However, log-transformed adiponectin was inversely associated with VAT (standardized beta estimate=-0.465; P<0.0001) and positively associated with SAT (standardized beta estimate=1.277; P=0.03), when these were included concomitantly in the model. In conclusion, VAT and SAT had differential associations with serum adiponectin concentrations.

36 citations


"Gender differences in the associati..." refers background or result in this paper

  • ...Nevertheless, opposite to previous studies that indicated an inverse association between SAT and adiponectin [ 23], our investigation suggested a direct association between these two variables, confirming a series of previous investigations [24, 25]....

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  • ...In an investigation conducted in a Japanese male population, adiponectin levels were inversely associated with VAT and directly associated with SAT when these two measures of abdominal adiposity were both in a regression model [25]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2008-Obesity
TL;DR: African Americans have less visceral and more subcutaneous fat than whites, thus the relationship of adiponectin and leptin to body fat and insulin sensitivity in AA may be different from that in whites.
Abstract: Objective: African Americans (AAs) have less visceral and more subcutaneous fat than whites, thus the relationship of adiponectin and leptin to body fat and insulin sensitivity in AA may be different from that in whites. Methods and Procedures: Sixty-nine non-diabetic AA (37 men and 32 women), aged 33 ± 1 year participated. The percent fat was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volume by computerized tomography (CT), and insulin sensitivity by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Results: VAT was greater in men (1,619 ± 177 cm3 vs. 1,022 ± 149 cm3; P = 0.01); women had a higher percentage of body fat (34.1 ± 1.4 vs. 24.0 ± 1.2; P < 0.0001), adiponectin (15.8 ± 1.2 μg/ml vs. 10.4 ± 0.8 μg/ml; P = 0.0004) and leptin (23.2 ± 15.8 ng/ml vs. 9.2 ± 7.2 ng/ml; P < 0.0001). SAT and HOMA did not differ because of the sex. Adiponectin negatively correlated with VAT (r = −0.41, P < 0.05) in men, and with VAT (r = −0.55, P < 0.01), and SAT (r = −0.35, P < 0.05) in women. Adiponectin negatively correlated with HOMA in men (r = −0.38, P < 0.05) and women (r = −0.44, P < 0.05). In multiple regression, sex (P = 0.02), HOMA (P = 0.03) and VAT (P = 0.003) were significant predictors of adiponectin (adj R 2 = 0.38, P < 0.0001). Leptin positively correlated with VAT, SAT, percent fat and HOMA in men (r = 0.79, r = 0.86, r = 0.89, and r = 0.53; P < 0.001) and women (r = 0.62, r = 0.75, r = 0.83, and r = 0.55; P < 0.01). In multiple regression VAT (P = 0.04), percent body fat (P < 0.0001) and sex (P = 0.01), but not HOMA were significant predictors of serum leptin (adj R 2= 0.82, P < 0.0001). Discussion: The relationship of adiponectin and leptin to body fat content and distribution in AA is dependent on sex. Although VAT and insulin sensitivity are significant determinants of adiponectin, VAT and percent body fat determine leptin.

30 citations


"Gender differences in the associati..." refers result in this paper

  • ...In findings similar to our own, Considine and colleagues found that SAT was not significantly associated with adiponectin in the models that adjusted concomitantly for VAT [8]....

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  • ...Notably, despite known differences in body fat distribution between individuals of African and European ancestry [21, 22], we found similar gender interactions with VAT and adiponectin levels as in previous studies [8]....

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