Gender differences in the association of visceral and subcutaneous adiposity with adiponectin in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study
TL;DR: The statistically significant inverse association of VAT and adiponectin persisted after additionally adjusting for SAT, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), suggesting that VAT provides significant information above and beyond BMI and WC.
Abstract: Adiponectin, paradoxically reduced in obesity and with lower levels in African Americans (AA), modulates several cardiometabolic risk factors. Because abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), known to be reduced in AA, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) compartments may confer differential metabolic risk profiles, we investigated the associations of VAT and SAT with serum adiponectin, separately by gender, with the hypothesis that VAT is more strongly inversely associated with adiponectin than SAT. Participants from the Jackson Heart Study, an ongoing cohort of AA (n = 2,799; 64% women; mean age, 55 ± 11 years) underwent computer tomography assessment of SAT and VAT volumes, and had stored serum specimens analyzed for adiponectin levels. These levels were examined by gender in relation to increments of VAT and SAT. Compared to women, men had significantly lower mean levels of adiponectin (3.9 ± 3.0 μg/mL vs. 6.0 ± 4.4 μg/mL; p < 0.01) and mean volume of SAT (1,721 ± 803 cm3 vs. 2,668 ± 968 cm3; p < 0.01) but significantly higher mean volume of VAT (884 ± 416 cm3 vs. 801 ± 363 cm3; p < 0.01). Among women, a one standard deviation increment in VAT was inversely associated with adiponectin (β = − 0.13; p < 0.0001) after controlling for age, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, education, pack-years of smoking and daily intake of alcohol. The statistically significant inverse association of VAT and adiponectin persisted after additionally adjusting for SAT, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), suggesting that VAT provides significant information above and beyond BMI and WC. Among men, after the same multivariable adjustment, there was a direct association of SAT and adiponectin (β = 0.18; p = 0.002) that persisted when controlling for BMI and WC, supporting a beneficial effect of SAT. Insulin resistance mediated the association of SAT with adiponectin in women. In African Americans, abdominal visceral adipose tissue had an inverse association with serum adiponectin concentrations only among women. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue appeared as a protective fat depot in men.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The role of adipocytokines and proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is explored, particularly on adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin, with a brief mention of resistin, visfatin and retinol-binding protein 4 among adipokines, and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and briefly IL-18 among pro inflammatory cytokines.
Abstract: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver of a patient with no history of alcohol abuse or other causes for secondary hepatic steatosis. The pathogenesis of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has not been fully elucidated. The “two-hit“ hypothesis is probably a too simplified model to elaborate complex pathogenetic events occurring in patients with NASH. It should be better regarded as a multiple step process, with accumulation of liver fat being the first step, followed by the development of necroinflammation and fibrosis. Adipose tissue, which has emerged as an endocrine organ with a key role in energy homeostasis, is responsive to both central and peripheral metabolic signals and is itself capable of secreting a number of proteins. These adipocyte-specific or enriched proteins, termed adipokines, have been shown to have a variety of local, peripheral, and central effects. In the current review, we explore the role of adipocytokines and proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We particularly focus on adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin, with a brief mention of resistin, visfatin and retinol-binding protein 4 among adipokines, and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and briefly IL-18 among proinflammatory cytokines. We update their role in NAFLD, as elucidated in experimental models and clinical practice.
252 citations
10 Dec 2014
TL;DR: It seems that in the pig and humans, INTMF and VAT share a similar pattern of distribution and a similar association of components dictating insulin sensitivity, while in pigs, the relationship between leanness and higher proportions of IN TMF fat in pigs was not observed in human studies and was not corroborated by other pig studies.
Abstract: Human studies of the influence of aging and other factors on intermuscular fat (INTMF) were reviewed. Intermuscular fat increased with weight loss, weight gain, or with no weight change with age in humans. An increase in INTMF represents a similar threat to type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance as does visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Studies of INTMF in animals covered topics such as quantitative deposition and genetic relationships with other fat depots. The relationship between leanness and higher proportions of INTMF fat in pigs was not observed in human studies and was not corroborated by other pig studies. In humans, changes in muscle mass, strength and quality are associated with INTMF accretion with aging. Gene expression profiling and intrinsic methylation differences in pigs demonstrated that INTMF and VAT are primarily associated with inflammatory and immune processes. It seems that in the pig and humans, INTMF and VAT share a similar pattern of distribution and a similar association of components dictating insulin sensitivity. Studies on intramuscular (IM) adipocyte development in meat animals were reviewed. Gene expression analysis and genetic analysis have identified candidate genes involved in IM adipocyte development. Intramuscular (IM) adipocyte development in human muscle is only seen during aging and some pathological circumstance. Several genetic links between human and meat animal adipogenesis have been identified. In pigs, the Lipin1 and Lipin 2 gene have strong genetic effects on IM accumulation. Lipin1 deficiency results in immature adipocyte development in human lipodystrophy. In humans, overexpression of Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) facilitates intramyocellular lipid accretion whereas in pigs PLIN2 gene expression is associated with IM deposition. Lipins and perilipins may influence intramuscular lipid regardless of species.
120 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the associati..."
...The protective action of gluteal femoral SQF seems to be further limited to the femoral subcutaneous region and not necessarily with the gluteal region in black South African women further confounding the issue with ethnicity differences.(11,16,25,27,29-32) Indeed, even gender appears to have a profound influence on the responses by different adipose depots....
[...]
...Indeed, even gender appears to have a profound influence on the responses by different adipose depots.(16,32-34) One mechanism that seems universal in human adipose depot regulation of adipose tissue is insulin, although, with as much variation within one species (human) one can only imagine the differences which exist between species....
[...]
...Issues associated with adipose depot include disruption of normal function of organs due to infiltration with lipid-filled adipocytes—for example, nonalcoholic fatty livers are not capable of functioning as properly as normal livers, and is likely a precursor of fatty infiltration into other organs/tissues.(9,16) An interest of this paper is on the specific differences in INTMF vs....
[...]
TL;DR: Dietary intake of natural products endowed with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities may represent a valid interventional approach for preventing and/or attenuating the pathological consequences of obesity.
Abstract: Childhood obesity is characterized by a low grade inflammation status depending on the multicellular release of cytokines, adipokines and reactive oxygen species. In particular, the imbalance between anti-inflammatory T regulatory cells and inflammatory T helper 17 cells seems to sustain such a phlogistic condition. Alterations of gut microbiota since childhood also contribute to the maintenance of inflammation. Therefore, besides preventive measures and caloric restrictions, dietary intake of natural products endowed with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities may represent a valid interventional approach for preventing and/or attenuating the pathological consequences of obesity. In this regard, the use of prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and melatonin in human clinical trials will be described.
61 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the associati..."
...They secrete in large amounts TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), as well as nitric oxide (NO) (24)....
[...]
...Adiponectin exerts anti-inflammatory activities, inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α production (112)....
[...]
...On the other hand, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 serum levels were increased in asthmatic obese and obese children in comparison to asthmatic children and controls....
[...]
...Treated subjects exhibited a significant reduction in weight as well as in TNF-α and IL-6 with an increase in adiponectin in comparison to the placebo group....
[...]
...In view of its beneficial activities, melatonin has successfully been used in rats with MetS diminishing insulin resistance, release of TNF-α and IL-6 from adipocytes, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein plasma levels and body weight (182)....
[...]
TL;DR: The potential mechanisms for the migraine–obesity association are discussed, with a focus on the central and peripheral pathophysiological pathways which overlap between migraine and those modulating the drive to feed.
Abstract: Obesity and headache are both associated with a substantial personal and societal impact, and epidemiologic studies have consistently identified a positive association between obesity and headache in general, as well as obesity and migraine specifically (see part I). In the current manuscript, we will discuss the potential mechanisms for the migraine–obesity association, with a focus on the central and peripheral pathophysiological pathways which overlap between migraine and those modulating the drive to feed. We then discuss surgical, behavioral, and pharmacological treatment considerations for overweight and obese migraineurs as well as for those with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. We close by briefly discussing where future research may be headed in light of this data.
60 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the associati..."
...The majority of studies also support that ADP levels are inversely associated with obesity, with obese individuals having lower fasting ADP levels.(36,37) In the first trial evaluating interictal ADP levels in episodic and chronic migraineurs,(38) ADP and its multimers were measured in 37 participants (EM: 13; CM: 12; Control 12)....
[...]
TL;DR: Higher leptin concentrations in women than in men were completely explained by differences in total body fat percentage, and visceral fat was associated with adiponectin concentrations, and did not completely explain higher adiponECTin concentrations in Women than in Men.
54 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: Both SAT and VAT are strongly correlated with insulin resistance in African Americans and for African-American women, SAT may have a greater effect than VAT on insulin resistance.
Abstract: Objective: The contribution of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) to insulin resistance is well-established; however, the role of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT) in insulin resistance remains controversial. Sex may determine which of these two components of abdominal obesity is more strongly related to insulin resistance and its consequences. The aim of this study was to determine whether both VAT and SAT contribute to insulin resistance in African Americans and to examine the effects of sex on this relationship.
Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross-sectional study of 78 nondiabetic African-American volunteers (44 men, 35 women; age 33.8 ± 7.3 years; BMI 30.9 ± 7.4 kg/m2). VAT and SAT volumes were measured using serial computerized tomography slices from the dome of the diaphragm to the iliac crest. The insulin sensitivity index (SI) was determined from the minimal model using data obtained from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.
Results: In men, both VAT and SAT were negatively correlated with SI (r for both correlations = −0.57; p < 0.01). In women, the correlation coefficient between VAT and SI was −0.50 (p < 0.01) and between SAT and SI was −0.67 (p < 0.01). In women, the correlation coefficient for SI with SAT was significantly greater than the correlation coefficient with VAT (p = 0.02).
Discussion: Both SAT and VAT are strongly correlated with insulin resistance in African Americans. For African-American women, SAT may have a greater effect than VAT on insulin resistance.
110 citations
"Gender differences in the associati..." refers result in this paper
...Moreover, as shown by Tulloch-Reid and colleagues [39], among African American women SAT have a greater effect on insulin resistance, in agreement with our findings....
[...]
...Similarly with our investigation, both SAT and VAT were strongly correlated with insulin resistance (but with gender differences) in an investigation conducted among 78 nondiabetic African Americans [39]....
[...]
TL;DR: Compared to men, the metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in Spanish women than in women from San Antonio with differences that mirror differences in central adiposity.
Abstract: Objective: To compare the expression of the metabolic syndrome in Spain and San Antonio, TX, two populations with major differences regarding their cardiovascular risk profile
Research Methods and Procedures: Cross-sectional analysis of population-based, epidemiological surveys using the metabolic syndrome definition of the National Cholesterol Education Program In San Antonio, we limited our analysis to non-Hispanic whites because non-Hispanic whites are largely of European ancestry (n = 1339 in San Antonio and 2947 in Spain)
Results: In men, increased central adiposity was more prevalent in San Antonio than in Spain (297 vs 230%, p < 00001); in women, it was less prevalent in San Antonio than in Spain (402 vs 664%, p < 00001) The metabolic syndrome followed that same pattern: more prevalent in men (289 vs 208%, p = 0019) and less in women from San Antonio (271 vs 309%, p < 00001) In subjects with the metabolic syndrome, most women had increased central adiposity (926% in San Antonio and 975% in Spain), and most men had either increased central adiposity or blood pressure (992% in San Antonio and 950% in Spain)
Discussion: Contrary to men, the metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in Spanish women than in women from San Antonio with differences that mirror differences in central adiposity Central adiposity and blood pressure may be used to exclude the metabolic syndrome Considering recent secular trends in obesity, we predict there will be an increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in both populations in the coming years
90 citations
"Gender differences in the associati..." refers background in this paper
...At similar degrees of obesity as defined by BMI, African Americans have a lower quantity of VAT compared with whites and Asian populations, despite higher rates of insulin resistance, diabetes and hypertension [33]....
[...]
TL;DR: Positive correlated with S(i), inversely related to central fat, and positively related to peripheral fat were found, and higher acute insulin response to glucose explained lower adiponectin among African-American children.
Abstract: Adiponectin is inversely related to adiposity and positively correlated with insulin sensitivity ( S i ). Sparse data exist on the contributions of ethnicity and body fat distribution to variance in serum adiponectin. Hypotheses tested were that adiponectin would be lower in African Americans compared with Caucasians; that adiponectin would be inversely related to central, not peripheral, fat; that adiponectin would be positively associated with S i ; and that baseline adiponectin would predict change in S i over 2 years in 150 African-American and Caucasian youth. Multiple linear regression modeling showed that adiponectin was lower in African-American versus Caucasian children (adjusted means 10.8 ± 0.5 vs. 12.3 ± 0.5 μg/ml, respectively; P P P S i , which was positively related to adiponectin ( P P P S i over 2 years. In conclusion, adiponectin was positively correlated with S i , inversely related to central fat, and positively related to peripheral fat. In addition, higher acute insulin response to glucose explained lower adiponectin among African-American children.
82 citations
TL;DR: There were larger proportional increases in risk factor prevalence with increasing BMI in whites than in African Americans, and the higher prevalence rates of cardiometabolic risk factors at nearly all levels of BMI in African American suggest that additional factors contribute to the burden of CVD risk inAfrican Americans.
Abstract: The burden of cardiovascular risk associated with obesity disproportionately affects African Americans and little is known about ethnic/racial differences in the relationship of obesity to cardiometabolic risk. This report assesses whether obesity is similarly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in African Americans and whites of European ancestry. Cross-sectional observational data from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) and the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) were compared. This analysis uses participants aged 35–74 years with BMI >18.5 kg/m2, and free of prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD), from the initial JHS clinical examination (2000–2004) and the FHS Offspring (1998–2001) and Third Generation (2002–2005) cohorts. Participants were evaluated for the presence of lipid abnormalities, hypertension, and diabetes. Overall, 4,030 JHS (mean age 54 years, 64% women) and 5,245 FHS (mean age 51 years, 54% women) participants were available for analysis. The prevalence of all risk factors except high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was substantially higher in JHS (all P < 0.001) and BMI was associated with increasing prevalence of most CVD risk factors within each race. For diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and low HDL, steeper relationships to BMI were observed in FHS than in JHS (P values <0.001–0.016). There were larger proportional increases in risk factor prevalence with increasing BMI in whites than in African Americans. The higher prevalence rates of cardiometabolic risk factors at nearly all levels of BMI in African Americans, however, suggest that additional factors contribute to the burden of CVD risk in African Americans.
79 citations
"Gender differences in the associati..." refers background in this paper
...Recent Jackson Heart Study (JHS) data suggest that abdominal obesity is particularly profound among African Americans as indicated by the fact that nearly two-thirds of the JHS sample has an elevated WC [30]....
[...]
TL;DR: High circulating concentrations of adiponectin were associated with higher risk of CHD in older Blacks, even accounting for traditional CHD risk factors.
Abstract: Context: Adiponectin may influence the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: Because body composition and adiponectin levels vary by race, we examined the relationship of adiponectin with prevalent and incident CHD in a cohort of older Black and White adults. Design and Setting: We conducted a cross-sectional and prospective cohort study at two U.S. clinical centers. Participants: Participants included 3075 well-functioning adults between ages 70 and 79 yr enrolled in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalent CHD was defined as history of myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous coronary transluminal angioplasty, angina, or major electrocardiogram abnormalities. After excluding those with prevalent CHD, incident CHD was defined as hospitalized myocardial infarction or CHD death. Results: At baseline, 602 participants (19.6%) had CHD. During 6 yr of follow-up, 262 (10.6%) incid...
77 citations
"Gender differences in the associati..." refers result in this paper
...It is worthy to note that the mean values of adiponectin within our sample were lower compared with the IRAS Family sample as well as with those from the Health ABC study that reported an association between adiponectin and risk of coronary heart disease [40]....
[...]