Gender differences in the creation of different types of social capital : A multilevel study
TL;DR: Men were shown to be more effective in creating hard social capital, but, unexpectedly, women were not found to be the emotional specialists they often are thought to be.
About: This article is published in Social Networks.The article was published on 2006-01-01. It has received 165 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Social mobility & Social status.
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TL;DR: The analyses show that compared to the isolated elders, elders in socially integrated networks had up to a 35% reduction in odds of mortality over a 3-year period, although such protection was diminished after controlling for baseline health.
Abstract: The significant association between an individual's social network and his or her health and mortality at old ages is well-documented in western societies. However, similar research from developing countries, especially among long-lived persons, is rare due to lack of data. The value of social support embedded in the social network for healthy longevity is generally more significant in developing countries given the lack of advanced and institutionalized social security systems. This chapter provides us with a good opportunity to address how social network types and intimacy are related to healthy longevity among Chinese elders. Using the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), a unique specially designed nationwide survey with a sample of 15,232 community-residing Chinese elders, this chapter examines the associations between social network types and intimacy and subsequent healthy longevity from 2002 to 2005 within a multi-level context. The outcome variables include instrumental activities of daily living, activities of daily living, cognitive functioning, self-rated health, chronic diseases, frailty index, and mortality. We classified social networks into eight types based on living arrangement, number of frequently visiting children, and social connection (playing cards/mah-jong and involvement in religious and social activities): (1) isolated, (2) children-visiting-only, (3) family coresidence only, (4) family coresidence plus children-visiting only, (5) social connection only, (6) social connection plus children visiting, (7) social connection plus family coresidence, and (8) social connection plus family coresidence & children visiting. Source of intimacy was measured by the most frequent daily talking-person and grouped into (1) nobody/social service provider/matron, (2) spouse, (3) child, and (4) friend/neighbor. Other individual variables and community socioeconomic variables served as controls. We used multilevel logistic regression to examine the effects of social network types and source of intimacy on subsequent 3-year mortality and health status. Our analyses show that compared to the isolated elders, elders in socially integrated networks had up to a 35% reduction in odds of mortality over a 3-year period, although such protection was diminished after controlling for baseline health. Elders in family-oriented networks, on the other hand, had up to a 51% increase in odds of mortality over the 3-year period independent of baseline health. Compared to those who did not have an intimate network alter, those whose source of intimacy was a friend/neighbor or spouse had 15-50% decreased odds of death in the presence of various confounders including baseline health. Socially integrated networks reduce the likelihood of poor health by up to 60% in terms of cognitive impairment, ADL/IADL disability, poor self-rated health, chronic diseases, and frailty. Similar results were found for having a friend/neighbor as the source of intimacy. These results suggest that the protective effects of network types and source of intimacy on healthy longevity still exist at advanced ages. We further examined the patterns of social network types and source of intimacy by age, gender, childhood and adulthood SES, and community SES. We demonstrate there are substantial differences in network type and source of intimacy across ages, gender and SES. These findings are useful for the promotion of successful aging among the Chinese elderly in the context of largely reduced family size and greatly changing household structure due to population aging.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors distinguish between direct and indirect forms of nepotism where the former is based on simple family preferment and the latter based upon demonstrated competence in an occupational field.
13 citations
TL;DR: The modelo ECO 2.2 (desarrollado by organizaciones de la sociedad civil en Mexico and experimentado in diferentes paises, principalmente latinoamericanos) as mentioned in this paper is a model for the intervention of social networks in the context of exclusion social grave.
Abstract: 2(desarrollado por organizaciones de la sociedad civil en Mexico y experimentado en diferentes paises, principalmente latinoamericanos), para la intervencion sobre un amplio espectro de fenomenos hipercomplejos denominados de sufrimiento social que emplea las redes sociales como una util y poderosa perspectiva teorico-metodologica tanto para el diagnostico (de personas y de comunidades locales) como para el diseno y desarrollo de las estrategias de intervencion en una gran variedad de contextos sociales (incluyendo los considerados de exclusion social grave), con objetivos de prevencion, reduccion de danos y riesgos asociados, asi como para el tratamiento basado en la comunidad de diferentes situaciones de sufrimiento social (consumo problematico de sustancias psicoactivas legales y/o ilegales, situacion de calle, menores infractores, violencia de genero, explotacion sexual comercial infantil, etcetera). La intervencion en el modelo ECO 2 busca, dentro de una comunidad local, la articulacion de una red de recursos, crear una red operativa (red social subjetiva comunitaria de las y los operadores de la intervencion) y aumentar la complejidad efectiva de las redes sociales de las personas, especialmente aquellas que se encuentran en situacion de exclusion social grave. Palabras clave: redes sociales - sufrimiento social - modelos de intervencion.
13 citations
25 Jul 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, temporary labour migration is considered in the context of temporary labor migration in the US. But the authors focus on temporary workers migration, not permanent workers migration in general.
Abstract: ......................................................................................................................................... VII Chapter 1: Temporary labour migration ............................................................................................. 1 1.
13 citations
Dissertation•
08 May 2013
12 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...For instance, scholars have distinguished instrumental versus expressive relationships (Ibarra, 1993; Tichy, Tushman, & Fombrun, 1974; van Emmerik, 2006)....
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...Overall, evidence is indicative of fewer social capital benefits for women even when they have similar networking behaviors (Brass, 1985; Campbell, Clarridge, Gokhale, Birenbaum, & Hilgartner, 2002; Ibarra, 1992; National Science Board, 2000; van Emmerik, 2006)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another, and the impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored.
Abstract: Analysis of social networks is suggested as a tool for linking micro and macro levels of sociological theory. The procedure is illustrated by elaboration of the macro implications of one aspect of small-scale interaction: the strength of dyadic ties. It is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another. The impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored. Stress is laid on the cohesive power of weak ties. Most network models deal, implicitly, with strong ties, thus confining their applicability to small, well-defined groups. Emphasis on weak ties lends itself to discussion of relations between groups and to analysis of segments of social structure not easily defined in terms of primary groups.
37,560 citations
TL;DR: A new sex-role inventory is described that treats masculinity and femininity as two independent dimensions, thereby making it possible to characterize a person as masculine, feminine, or "androgynous" as a function of the difference between his or her endorsement of masculine and feminine personality characteristics.
Abstract: This article describes the development of a new sex-role inventory that treats masculinity and femininity as two independent dimensions, thereby making it possible to characterize a person as masculine, feminine, or "androgynous" as a function of the difference between his or her endorsement of masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Normative data are presented, as well as the results of various psychometric analyses. The major findings of conceptual interest are: (a) the dimensions of masculinity and femininity are empirically as well as logically independent; (6) the concept of psychological androgyny is a reliable one; and (c) highly sex-typed scores do not reflect a general tendency to respond in a socially desirable direction, but rather a specific tendency to describe oneself in accordance with sex-typed standards of desirable behavior for men and women. Both in psychology and in society at large, masculinity and femininity have long been conceptualized as bipolar ends of a single continuum; accordingly, a person has had to be either masculine or feminine, but not both. This sex-role dichotomy has served to obscure two very plausible hypotheses: first, that many individuals might be "androgynous" ; that is, they might be both masculine and feminine, both assertive and yielding, both instrumental and expressive—depending on the situational appropriateness of these various behaviors; and conversely, that strongly sex-typed individuals might be seriously limited in the range of behaviors available to them as they move from situation to situation. According to both Kagan (1964) and Kohlberg (1966), the highly sex-typed individual is motivated to keep his behavior consistent with an internalized sex-role standard, a goal that he presumably accomplishes by suppressing any behavior that might be con
7,984 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an argument and evidence for a structural ecology of social capital that describes how the value of an individual's social capital to an individual is contingent on the number of people doing the same work.
Abstract: I present argument and evidence for a structural ecology of social capital that describes how the value of social capital to an individual is contingent on the number of people doing the same work. The information and control benefits of bridging the structural holes—or, disconnections between nonredundant contacts in a network—that constitute social capital are especially valuable to managers with few peers. Such managers do not have the guiding frame of reference for behavior provided by numerous competitors, and the work they do does not have the legitimacy provided by numerous people doing the same kind of work. I use network and performance data on a probability sample of senior managers to show how the value of social capital, high on average for the managers, varies as a power function of the number of people doing the same work.
3,376 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a study on organizational cultures in twenty units from ten different organizations in Denmark and the Netherlands, which came from in-depth interviews of selected informants and a questionnaire survey of a stratified random sample of organizational members.
Abstract: Geert Hofstede University of Limburg Bram Neuijen University of Groningen Denise Davat Ohayv Institute for Research on intercultural Cooperation Geert Sanders University of Groningen This paper presents the results of a study on organizational cultures in twenty units from ten different organizations in Denmark and the Netherlands. Data came from in-depth interviews of selected informants and a questionnaire survey of a stratified random sample of organizational members. Data on task, structure, and control characteristics of each unit were collected separately. Quantitative measures of the cultures of the twenty units, aggregated at the unit level, showed that a targe part of the differences among these twenty units could be explained by six factors, related to established concepts from organizational sociology, that measured the organizational cultures on six independent dimensions. The organizational culture differences found resided mainly at the levei of practices as perceived by members. Scores of the units on the six dimensions were partly explainable from organizational idiosyncrasies but were also significantly correlated with a variety of task, structural, and control-system characteristics of the units.
3,294 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a framework is developed for conceptualizing the processes that occur between dominants and tokens, and three perceptual phenomena are associated with tokens: visibility, polarization, and assimilation, where tokens' attributes are distorted to fit preexisting generalizations about their social type.
Abstract: Proportions, that is, relative numbers of socially and culturally different people in a group, are seen as critical in shaping interaction dinamics, and four group types are identified in the basis of varying proportional compositions. "Skewed" groups contain a large preponderance of one type (the numerical "dominants") over another (the rare "tokens"). A framework is developed for conceptualizing the processes that occur between dominants and tokens. Three perceptual phenomena are associated with tokens: visibility (tokens capture a disproportionate awareness share), polarization (differences between tokens and dominants are exaggerated), and assimilation (tokens' attributes are distorted to fit preexisting generalizations about their social type). Visibility generates performance pressures; polarization leads dominants to heighten their group boundaries; and assimilation leads to the tokens' role entrapment. Illustrations are drawn from a field study in a large industrial corporation. Concepts are exten...
2,426 citations