Gender differences in the creation of different types of social capital : A multilevel study
TL;DR: Men were shown to be more effective in creating hard social capital, but, unexpectedly, women were not found to be the emotional specialists they often are thought to be.
About: This article is published in Social Networks.The article was published on 2006-01-01. It has received 165 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Social mobility & Social status.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The authors examined social contact, efficacy, and support among separated and partnered men and fathers using the 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics' General Social Survey and concluded that separated fathers feel less supported and empowered than partnered fathers, partnered mothers, or separated mothers; that this is potentially detrimental to their wellbeing and mental health.
Abstract: Recent findings that partnered and single fathers have less social contact than nearly all other types of men and women (Patulny, 2011) suggest that fatherhood brings the risk of a loss in men's social networks. This in turn risks a significant reduction in social support, particularly amongst men who separate and lose the bonding social capital resources of their female partners (Emerick, 2006). This paper examines social contact, efficacy and support amongst separated and partnered men and fathers using the 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics' General Social Survey. Results show that fatherhood is not associated with any loss in social contact and support amongst married or de facto men. However, amongst separated men, fatherhood is associated with greater social contact, but less social support and efficacy in decision-making related to family and friends. The paper concludes that separated fathers feel less supported and empowered than partnered fathers, partnered mothers, or separated mothers; that this is potentially detrimental to their wellbeing and mental health; and that social engagement policies for men should be expanded with a greater focus on recently separated fathers.
8 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...It supports the literature suggesting that women in general are better-placed to adjust to the loss of social support inherent in separation by warrant of their good informal bonding social networks of friends and family (Emerick, 2006, Shapiro & Keyes, 2008)....
[...]
...Emerick (2006) applies Putnam’s (2000) social capital distinction between localised informal ‘bonding’ and broader formal ‘bridging’ networks to a gender context....
[...]
...This in turn risks a signifi cant reduction in social support, particularly amongst men who separate and lose the bonding social capital resources of their female partners (Emerick, 2006)....
[...]
...Relevant literature suggested that despite the potential for work to provide men in particular with bridging social capital (Emerick, 2006), Australian men and fathers might lack the time to commit to social activity from working long hours combined with childcare (Fisher & Robinson, 2010; Patulny,…...
[...]
...Relevant literature suggested that despite the potential for work to provide men in particular with bridging social capital (Emerick, 2006), Australian men and fathers might lack the time to commit to social activity from working long hours combined with childcare (Fisher & Robinson, 2010; Patulny, 2011)....
[...]
01 May 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, Útdráttur et al. present a Table of Table of Contents of the paper this paper and present a table of the authors' work.
Abstract: .................................................................................................................... 3 Útdráttur .................................................................................................................... 4 Foreword ................................................................................................................... 5 Table of
8 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...A study by Van Emmerik (2006), looking at gender difference between faculty members creating social capital, found that men were more effective in that aspect....
[...]
TL;DR: This article pointed out that social clubs and other voluntary settings have repeatedly been pointed out as sites where social elites encounter each other and enjoy the opportunity to cultivate their within-elite personal relat...
Abstract: Social clubs and other voluntary settings have repeatedly been pointed out as sites where social elites encounter each other and enjoy the opportunity to cultivate their within-elite personal relat ...
8 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...…is seen as an important structuring factor of elites’ personal networks (Moore, 1988), and its explicit role in the creation of social capital (van Emmerik, 2006), it was included in our models even though an unexpected, but nonetheless convincing, lack of significant gender differences within…...
[...]
TL;DR: Although women are less integrated in scientific cliques, the majority is involved in an inner social circle which enables access to career-relevant network resources and the general hypothesis of unfavourably embedded female researchers cannot be supported.
Abstract: Social networks are said to have a positive impact on scientific development. Conventionally, it is argued that female and male researchers differ in access to and participation in networks and hence experience unequal career opportunities. Due to limited capacities of time and resources as well as homophily, top-level scientists may structure their contacts to reduce problems of complexity and uncertainty. The outcomes of the structuring can be cohesive subgroups within networks of relation. Women in science might suffer exclusion from cliques because of being dissimilar in the arena. The present paper aims to explore integration in and composition of scientific cliques. A three-step analysis is conducted: Firstly, cliques are identified. Secondly, overlap structures are examined. Thirdly, group compositions are analysed in terms of other personal attributes of the researchers involved. Building on network data of female and male investigators, the article applies a comparative case study design including two cutting edge research institutions from the German Excellence Initiative. The study contrasts a Cluster of Excellence with a Graduate School and the corresponding formal with the informal networks. The results imply that the general hypothesis of unfavourably embedded female researchers cannot be supported. Although women are less integrated in scientific cliques, the majority is involved in an inner social circle which enables access to career-relevant network resources.
8 citations
Cites background or methods from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...The finding is alike that of van Emmerik (2006) who claimed that high status is negatively related to gender differences....
[...]
...Just as Feeney and Bernal, van Emmerik (2006) used ego network data....
[...]
...Van Emmerik (2006), for example, found that social capital influences an academic career by providing, amongst others, contact facilities....
[...]
01 Jan 2014
8 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Purpose of the Study Despite the perception that women are more relational than men, men are more relational in the workplace (Van Emmerik, 2006)....
[...]
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another, and the impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored.
Abstract: Analysis of social networks is suggested as a tool for linking micro and macro levels of sociological theory. The procedure is illustrated by elaboration of the macro implications of one aspect of small-scale interaction: the strength of dyadic ties. It is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another. The impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored. Stress is laid on the cohesive power of weak ties. Most network models deal, implicitly, with strong ties, thus confining their applicability to small, well-defined groups. Emphasis on weak ties lends itself to discussion of relations between groups and to analysis of segments of social structure not easily defined in terms of primary groups.
37,560 citations
TL;DR: A new sex-role inventory is described that treats masculinity and femininity as two independent dimensions, thereby making it possible to characterize a person as masculine, feminine, or "androgynous" as a function of the difference between his or her endorsement of masculine and feminine personality characteristics.
Abstract: This article describes the development of a new sex-role inventory that treats masculinity and femininity as two independent dimensions, thereby making it possible to characterize a person as masculine, feminine, or "androgynous" as a function of the difference between his or her endorsement of masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Normative data are presented, as well as the results of various psychometric analyses. The major findings of conceptual interest are: (a) the dimensions of masculinity and femininity are empirically as well as logically independent; (6) the concept of psychological androgyny is a reliable one; and (c) highly sex-typed scores do not reflect a general tendency to respond in a socially desirable direction, but rather a specific tendency to describe oneself in accordance with sex-typed standards of desirable behavior for men and women. Both in psychology and in society at large, masculinity and femininity have long been conceptualized as bipolar ends of a single continuum; accordingly, a person has had to be either masculine or feminine, but not both. This sex-role dichotomy has served to obscure two very plausible hypotheses: first, that many individuals might be "androgynous" ; that is, they might be both masculine and feminine, both assertive and yielding, both instrumental and expressive—depending on the situational appropriateness of these various behaviors; and conversely, that strongly sex-typed individuals might be seriously limited in the range of behaviors available to them as they move from situation to situation. According to both Kagan (1964) and Kohlberg (1966), the highly sex-typed individual is motivated to keep his behavior consistent with an internalized sex-role standard, a goal that he presumably accomplishes by suppressing any behavior that might be con
7,984 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an argument and evidence for a structural ecology of social capital that describes how the value of an individual's social capital to an individual is contingent on the number of people doing the same work.
Abstract: I present argument and evidence for a structural ecology of social capital that describes how the value of social capital to an individual is contingent on the number of people doing the same work. The information and control benefits of bridging the structural holes—or, disconnections between nonredundant contacts in a network—that constitute social capital are especially valuable to managers with few peers. Such managers do not have the guiding frame of reference for behavior provided by numerous competitors, and the work they do does not have the legitimacy provided by numerous people doing the same kind of work. I use network and performance data on a probability sample of senior managers to show how the value of social capital, high on average for the managers, varies as a power function of the number of people doing the same work.
3,376 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a study on organizational cultures in twenty units from ten different organizations in Denmark and the Netherlands, which came from in-depth interviews of selected informants and a questionnaire survey of a stratified random sample of organizational members.
Abstract: Geert Hofstede University of Limburg Bram Neuijen University of Groningen Denise Davat Ohayv Institute for Research on intercultural Cooperation Geert Sanders University of Groningen This paper presents the results of a study on organizational cultures in twenty units from ten different organizations in Denmark and the Netherlands. Data came from in-depth interviews of selected informants and a questionnaire survey of a stratified random sample of organizational members. Data on task, structure, and control characteristics of each unit were collected separately. Quantitative measures of the cultures of the twenty units, aggregated at the unit level, showed that a targe part of the differences among these twenty units could be explained by six factors, related to established concepts from organizational sociology, that measured the organizational cultures on six independent dimensions. The organizational culture differences found resided mainly at the levei of practices as perceived by members. Scores of the units on the six dimensions were partly explainable from organizational idiosyncrasies but were also significantly correlated with a variety of task, structural, and control-system characteristics of the units.
3,294 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a framework is developed for conceptualizing the processes that occur between dominants and tokens, and three perceptual phenomena are associated with tokens: visibility, polarization, and assimilation, where tokens' attributes are distorted to fit preexisting generalizations about their social type.
Abstract: Proportions, that is, relative numbers of socially and culturally different people in a group, are seen as critical in shaping interaction dinamics, and four group types are identified in the basis of varying proportional compositions. "Skewed" groups contain a large preponderance of one type (the numerical "dominants") over another (the rare "tokens"). A framework is developed for conceptualizing the processes that occur between dominants and tokens. Three perceptual phenomena are associated with tokens: visibility (tokens capture a disproportionate awareness share), polarization (differences between tokens and dominants are exaggerated), and assimilation (tokens' attributes are distorted to fit preexisting generalizations about their social type). Visibility generates performance pressures; polarization leads dominants to heighten their group boundaries; and assimilation leads to the tokens' role entrapment. Illustrations are drawn from a field study in a large industrial corporation. Concepts are exten...
2,426 citations