Gender differences in the creation of different types of social capital : A multilevel study
TL;DR: Men were shown to be more effective in creating hard social capital, but, unexpectedly, women were not found to be the emotional specialists they often are thought to be.
About: This article is published in Social Networks.The article was published on 2006-01-01. It has received 165 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Social mobility & Social status.
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Dissertation•
26 Oct 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the impact of kinship by distinguishing between two forms of nepotism on the career outcome of the show business families' descendants and found strong support for their sponsorship hypotheses, but also noted the continuing importance of direct forms of family preferment in an industry characterized by single-project organizations and boundaryless careers.
Abstract: The first essay studies the impact of kinship by distinguishing between two forms of nepotism on the career outcome of the show business families’ descendants. We show that within more modern industries which are characterized by the boundaryless career environment, direct nepotism is not as efficient as indirect nepotism. We hypothesize that indirect forms of nepotism are evident in the form of network sponsorship by third-party associates of prominent show business families in the Hollywood movie industry. This study predicts that sponsorship will have significant beneficial effects on show business family relatives' career performance and that the effect is accentuated for women in show business families. We find strong support for our sponsorship hypotheses, but we also note the continuing importance of direct forms of family preferment in an industry characterized by single-project organizations and boundaryless careers.
The second essay studies the extended definition of kinship, namely Marriage. It poses the question of whether contemporary intra-professional marriage may be a type of elective affinity (McKinnon, 2010), an institution used reciprocally to further the professional careers of two individuals. The study hypothesizes that marriage benefits spouses by allowing them to capitalize on each other’s accumulated social capital to increase their employability.
Moreover, marriage benefits spouses by allowing them to capitalize on Alter’s accumulated social capital to ascend the industry executive hierarchy by being hired in managerial roles. Also, marriage disproportionately benefits women by enabling female ego to capitalize on male spouse accumulated social capital such that gender bias can be overcome by enabling female ego’s increased involvement in projects and managerial roles. Our study indicates that marriage between Hollywood industry participants and the potential for borrowed spousal capital creates benefits both parties. It demonstrates that the extent to which alter has extensive connections, centrality, and better status, will benefit in terms of more opportunities for employment. Moreover, interestingly, a closed network with more constraint is also beneficial in project-based industries.
The final essay investigates the impact of positive status shift for a member of a show business family and its possible positive or negative reputations spillover effect on the other members of the family. Family members’ impact on individuals’ career choices, career paths, and career development has been a topic for empirical research for a few decades. However, whether a positive status shift would generate spillover benefits to those closely associated with the winners remains understudied.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a measure of individual social capital based on the difference between the Myerson and the Shapley values of actors in the social network and explore the properties of such a measure.
Abstract: In this paper we propose a social capital measure for individuals belonging to a social network. To do this, we use a game theoretical approach and so we suppose that these individuals are also involved in a cooperative TU-game modelling the economic or social interests that motivate their interactions. We propose as a measure of individual social capital the difference between the Myerson and the Shapley values of actors in the social network and explore the properties of such a measure. This definition is close to our previous measure of centrality (Gomez et al., 2003) and so in this paper we also study the relation between social capital and centrality, finding that this social capital measure can be considered as a vector magnitude with two additive components: centrality and positional externalities. Finally, several real political examples are used to show the agreement of our conclusions with the reality in these situations.
4 citations
01 Jan 2009
3 citations
Dissertation•
31 Aug 2012
TL;DR: Characteristics within relationships amongst healthcare providers predict how patient care is coordinated, according to research published in JAMA Internal Medicine.
Abstract: Characteristics within relationships amongst healthcare providers predict how patient care is coordinated.
3 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...The presence of shared goals is believed to be an important factor in successfully coordinating highly interdependent work (Saavedra, Earley, & Van Dyne, 1993; Wageman, 1995)....
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...They organized coordinating processes by the type of personal contact – group, personal and impersonal coordination (Van de ven, et al., 1976)....
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...In particular, Lawrence and Lorsch (1967), Van de Ven and Delbecq (1976) provided research evidence to support theories suggested by previous scholars....
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...Van de Ven and Delbecq contributed to the theory of coordination in several aspects....
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...Several factors have been theorized for their influence on social capital and have been considered in the development of the present framework (Assudani, 2007; Bolino, et al., 2002; Evans & Carson, 2005; Hodson, 2005; Van Emmerik, 2006; Yuan & Gay, 2006)....
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01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the interaccion of las redes personales with respect to the localización of clase with probabilidades diferenciadas in the sociabilidad is presented.
Abstract: La sociabilidad, como resultado y como proceso de la interaccion social interpersonal, presenta desafios operativos y teoricos para su abordaje. En sentido amplio, la sociabilidad remite al conjunto de practicas, representaciones y relaciones que constituyen y posibilitan la interaccion social y el despliegue de la vida social. En esta investigacion se aborda la tematica desde la estrategia del estudio de las redes personales, y en particular, de la presencia y caracteristicas de lazos personales estables. Por medio de una encuesta aplicada a 1500 personas en 7 grandes centros urbanos de la Argentina durante el ano 2006 se analiza la interaccion de las redes personales con la localizacion en terminos de estratificacion social de capital economico y de capital educativo. Reforzando los conceptos de habitus y de practicas diferenciadas por clase, el estudio de las redes personales incorpora a la mirada de la sociabilidad la intervencion de los lazos duraderos que las personas construyen, reproducen y descartan en sus vidas cotidianas. Relacionar la localizacion de clase con probabilidades diferenciadas en la sociabilidad debe permitir asimismo evaluar el caracter socialmente estratificado del conjunto de practicas que operan influidas por la interaccion interpersonal, es decir, del espacio que recorre desde ambitos educativos a laborales, sociales y de esparcimiento.
3 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another, and the impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored.
Abstract: Analysis of social networks is suggested as a tool for linking micro and macro levels of sociological theory. The procedure is illustrated by elaboration of the macro implications of one aspect of small-scale interaction: the strength of dyadic ties. It is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another. The impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored. Stress is laid on the cohesive power of weak ties. Most network models deal, implicitly, with strong ties, thus confining their applicability to small, well-defined groups. Emphasis on weak ties lends itself to discussion of relations between groups and to analysis of segments of social structure not easily defined in terms of primary groups.
37,560 citations
TL;DR: A new sex-role inventory is described that treats masculinity and femininity as two independent dimensions, thereby making it possible to characterize a person as masculine, feminine, or "androgynous" as a function of the difference between his or her endorsement of masculine and feminine personality characteristics.
Abstract: This article describes the development of a new sex-role inventory that treats masculinity and femininity as two independent dimensions, thereby making it possible to characterize a person as masculine, feminine, or "androgynous" as a function of the difference between his or her endorsement of masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Normative data are presented, as well as the results of various psychometric analyses. The major findings of conceptual interest are: (a) the dimensions of masculinity and femininity are empirically as well as logically independent; (6) the concept of psychological androgyny is a reliable one; and (c) highly sex-typed scores do not reflect a general tendency to respond in a socially desirable direction, but rather a specific tendency to describe oneself in accordance with sex-typed standards of desirable behavior for men and women. Both in psychology and in society at large, masculinity and femininity have long been conceptualized as bipolar ends of a single continuum; accordingly, a person has had to be either masculine or feminine, but not both. This sex-role dichotomy has served to obscure two very plausible hypotheses: first, that many individuals might be "androgynous" ; that is, they might be both masculine and feminine, both assertive and yielding, both instrumental and expressive—depending on the situational appropriateness of these various behaviors; and conversely, that strongly sex-typed individuals might be seriously limited in the range of behaviors available to them as they move from situation to situation. According to both Kagan (1964) and Kohlberg (1966), the highly sex-typed individual is motivated to keep his behavior consistent with an internalized sex-role standard, a goal that he presumably accomplishes by suppressing any behavior that might be con
7,984 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an argument and evidence for a structural ecology of social capital that describes how the value of an individual's social capital to an individual is contingent on the number of people doing the same work.
Abstract: I present argument and evidence for a structural ecology of social capital that describes how the value of social capital to an individual is contingent on the number of people doing the same work. The information and control benefits of bridging the structural holes—or, disconnections between nonredundant contacts in a network—that constitute social capital are especially valuable to managers with few peers. Such managers do not have the guiding frame of reference for behavior provided by numerous competitors, and the work they do does not have the legitimacy provided by numerous people doing the same kind of work. I use network and performance data on a probability sample of senior managers to show how the value of social capital, high on average for the managers, varies as a power function of the number of people doing the same work.
3,376 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a study on organizational cultures in twenty units from ten different organizations in Denmark and the Netherlands, which came from in-depth interviews of selected informants and a questionnaire survey of a stratified random sample of organizational members.
Abstract: Geert Hofstede University of Limburg Bram Neuijen University of Groningen Denise Davat Ohayv Institute for Research on intercultural Cooperation Geert Sanders University of Groningen This paper presents the results of a study on organizational cultures in twenty units from ten different organizations in Denmark and the Netherlands. Data came from in-depth interviews of selected informants and a questionnaire survey of a stratified random sample of organizational members. Data on task, structure, and control characteristics of each unit were collected separately. Quantitative measures of the cultures of the twenty units, aggregated at the unit level, showed that a targe part of the differences among these twenty units could be explained by six factors, related to established concepts from organizational sociology, that measured the organizational cultures on six independent dimensions. The organizational culture differences found resided mainly at the levei of practices as perceived by members. Scores of the units on the six dimensions were partly explainable from organizational idiosyncrasies but were also significantly correlated with a variety of task, structural, and control-system characteristics of the units.
3,294 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a framework is developed for conceptualizing the processes that occur between dominants and tokens, and three perceptual phenomena are associated with tokens: visibility, polarization, and assimilation, where tokens' attributes are distorted to fit preexisting generalizations about their social type.
Abstract: Proportions, that is, relative numbers of socially and culturally different people in a group, are seen as critical in shaping interaction dinamics, and four group types are identified in the basis of varying proportional compositions. "Skewed" groups contain a large preponderance of one type (the numerical "dominants") over another (the rare "tokens"). A framework is developed for conceptualizing the processes that occur between dominants and tokens. Three perceptual phenomena are associated with tokens: visibility (tokens capture a disproportionate awareness share), polarization (differences between tokens and dominants are exaggerated), and assimilation (tokens' attributes are distorted to fit preexisting generalizations about their social type). Visibility generates performance pressures; polarization leads dominants to heighten their group boundaries; and assimilation leads to the tokens' role entrapment. Illustrations are drawn from a field study in a large industrial corporation. Concepts are exten...
2,426 citations