Gender differences in the creation of different types of social capital : A multilevel study
TL;DR: Men were shown to be more effective in creating hard social capital, but, unexpectedly, women were not found to be the emotional specialists they often are thought to be.
About: This article is published in Social Networks.The article was published on 2006-01-01. It has received 165 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Social mobility & Social status.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used relative weight analysis to find support for the incremental validity of political skill over more traditional managerial skills for predicting managerial effectiveness and to identify the underlying theoretical mechanisms driving this relationship.
Abstract: The present study uses relative weight analysis to garner support for the incremental validity of political skill over more traditional managerial skills for predicting managerial effectiveness and to help identify the underlying theoretical mechanisms driving this relationship. In addition, we explore boundary conditions, in terms of gender and organizational level, where political skill may be more or less critical. Using 199 middle- and upper-level managers enrolled in leadership development programmes and multisource data, the findings supported political skill’s incremental validity over more traditional measures of managerial skills for predicting managerial effectiveness. In addition, two of five political skill dimensions—image management and interpersonal influence—were significantly important predictors of managerial effectiveness, providing support for social influence theory as perhaps the best theoretical model for understanding the political skill-effectiveness relationship. Also, an individ...
30 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...…often excluded from or have limited access to organizational networks (Ibarra, 1992; Morrison & Von Glinow, 1990; Rindfleish & Sheridan, 2003, van Emmerik, 2006), and these organizational networks have been shown to be important predictors of career success (Bozionelos, 2008; Forret & Dougherty,…...
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TL;DR: Low self-esteem, lonely, and socially isolated individuals add more online resources to their mix of preferred coping strategies than their counterparts, and support for social compensation with regard to coping resources is found.
30 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Women generally have more strong ties in their network (Moore, 1990), they spent more time socializing informally (maintaining their strong ties), and mobilize more emotional support from their network (Van Emmerik, 2006)....
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TL;DR: It is indicated that the association between individual social capital and psychological distress is similar for men and women, and the relatively low level of gender stratification in Belgium might have influenced this finding.
Abstract: Background: Social capital has been related to various aspects of health. While literature suggests that men and women differently access and mobilize social capital, gender has received little attention within social capital research. This study examines whether the association between individual social capital and psychological distress is different for men and women. Methods: We made use of data from a representative sample of 1025 adults within 50 neighbourhoods of Ghent (Belgium), collected in the context of the cross-sectional Social capital and Well-being In Neighbourhoods in Ghent (SWING) Survey 2011. Six components of social capital were discerned: generalized trust, social support, social influence, social engagement and attachment, the volume of social capital and the mean occupational prestige in one’s network. Multilevel linear regression models were fitted to explore interactions between gender and these components of social capital. Results: In accordance with previous research, men report lower levels of psychological distress than women (t=4.40, p <0.001). Regarding the gender gap in social capital, the findings are mixed. Only for half of the social capital variables (social support, social influence and volume of social capital), a significant gender difference is found, favouring men (t=4.03, p <0.001; t= 1.99, p <0.001 and t =4.50, p <0.001 respectively). None of the analysed interaction terms between gender and social capital is significantly related to psychological distress. Conclusion: The analyses indicate that the association between individual social capital and psychological distress is similar for men and women. The relatively low level of gender stratification in Belgium might have influenced this finding. Furthermore, it is possible that social capital is not of greater importance for women in general, but mainly for women who are in an especially vulnerable social situation that deprives their access to alternative resources (e.g. unemployed women, single mothers). Future studies should seek to identify subgroups for whom social capital might be particularly influential, by transcending ‘simple’ dyads such as ‘men versus women’.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the interrelations between formal and informal science networks and focused on gender homophily as a driver for structural embeddedness, and found that gender homology minorly influences the involvement in research cooperation, research support and social acquaintance networks.
30 citations
01 Sep 2007-Journal of International Migration and Integration \/ Revue De L'integration Et De La Migration Internationale
TL;DR: In this article, a large survey of Canadians conducted by Statistics Canada in 2002 has been used to analyse differences in income attainment and differences in earnings that can be attributed to social capital.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyse ethnoracial differences in income attainment, as well as differences in earnings that can be attributed to social capital. The data set is the Ethnic Diversity Survey, a large survey of Canadians conducted by Statistics Canada in 2002. Bivariate and multivariate analyses show that ethnoracial minorities are disadvantaged when compared with the British or whites in general. This disparity remains even after controlling for a host of theoretically relevant variables. The brunt of this disadvantage is experienced by male visible-minority immigrants. Although social capital is shown to exert an independent effect on earnings, its benefit varies by social origins, types of social capital, birth, and gender. Trust is important for females’ earnings but not for males’. Family contact and religious participation benefits British males’ earnings more than those of visible-minority males. Religious participation also benefits those born in Canada more than those who immigrated to Canada. In contrast, female immigrants benefit from their associational participation more than females born in Canada.
29 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Moreover, the study revealed that social capital is a useful resource for accessing more resources, but its effect varies by gender ( van Emmerik 2006 ), ethnoracial origins, birth (Li 2004; Lamba 2003), and types of social capital....
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...International studies have shown that men have greater access to and are more effective in using their social capital for access to resources than are women (Burt 1998; Smith 2000; Lin 2001; van Emmerik 2006 )....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another, and the impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored.
Abstract: Analysis of social networks is suggested as a tool for linking micro and macro levels of sociological theory. The procedure is illustrated by elaboration of the macro implications of one aspect of small-scale interaction: the strength of dyadic ties. It is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another. The impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored. Stress is laid on the cohesive power of weak ties. Most network models deal, implicitly, with strong ties, thus confining their applicability to small, well-defined groups. Emphasis on weak ties lends itself to discussion of relations between groups and to analysis of segments of social structure not easily defined in terms of primary groups.
37,560 citations
TL;DR: A new sex-role inventory is described that treats masculinity and femininity as two independent dimensions, thereby making it possible to characterize a person as masculine, feminine, or "androgynous" as a function of the difference between his or her endorsement of masculine and feminine personality characteristics.
Abstract: This article describes the development of a new sex-role inventory that treats masculinity and femininity as two independent dimensions, thereby making it possible to characterize a person as masculine, feminine, or "androgynous" as a function of the difference between his or her endorsement of masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Normative data are presented, as well as the results of various psychometric analyses. The major findings of conceptual interest are: (a) the dimensions of masculinity and femininity are empirically as well as logically independent; (6) the concept of psychological androgyny is a reliable one; and (c) highly sex-typed scores do not reflect a general tendency to respond in a socially desirable direction, but rather a specific tendency to describe oneself in accordance with sex-typed standards of desirable behavior for men and women. Both in psychology and in society at large, masculinity and femininity have long been conceptualized as bipolar ends of a single continuum; accordingly, a person has had to be either masculine or feminine, but not both. This sex-role dichotomy has served to obscure two very plausible hypotheses: first, that many individuals might be "androgynous" ; that is, they might be both masculine and feminine, both assertive and yielding, both instrumental and expressive—depending on the situational appropriateness of these various behaviors; and conversely, that strongly sex-typed individuals might be seriously limited in the range of behaviors available to them as they move from situation to situation. According to both Kagan (1964) and Kohlberg (1966), the highly sex-typed individual is motivated to keep his behavior consistent with an internalized sex-role standard, a goal that he presumably accomplishes by suppressing any behavior that might be con
7,984 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an argument and evidence for a structural ecology of social capital that describes how the value of an individual's social capital to an individual is contingent on the number of people doing the same work.
Abstract: I present argument and evidence for a structural ecology of social capital that describes how the value of social capital to an individual is contingent on the number of people doing the same work. The information and control benefits of bridging the structural holes—or, disconnections between nonredundant contacts in a network—that constitute social capital are especially valuable to managers with few peers. Such managers do not have the guiding frame of reference for behavior provided by numerous competitors, and the work they do does not have the legitimacy provided by numerous people doing the same kind of work. I use network and performance data on a probability sample of senior managers to show how the value of social capital, high on average for the managers, varies as a power function of the number of people doing the same work.
3,376 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a study on organizational cultures in twenty units from ten different organizations in Denmark and the Netherlands, which came from in-depth interviews of selected informants and a questionnaire survey of a stratified random sample of organizational members.
Abstract: Geert Hofstede University of Limburg Bram Neuijen University of Groningen Denise Davat Ohayv Institute for Research on intercultural Cooperation Geert Sanders University of Groningen This paper presents the results of a study on organizational cultures in twenty units from ten different organizations in Denmark and the Netherlands. Data came from in-depth interviews of selected informants and a questionnaire survey of a stratified random sample of organizational members. Data on task, structure, and control characteristics of each unit were collected separately. Quantitative measures of the cultures of the twenty units, aggregated at the unit level, showed that a targe part of the differences among these twenty units could be explained by six factors, related to established concepts from organizational sociology, that measured the organizational cultures on six independent dimensions. The organizational culture differences found resided mainly at the levei of practices as perceived by members. Scores of the units on the six dimensions were partly explainable from organizational idiosyncrasies but were also significantly correlated with a variety of task, structural, and control-system characteristics of the units.
3,294 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a framework is developed for conceptualizing the processes that occur between dominants and tokens, and three perceptual phenomena are associated with tokens: visibility, polarization, and assimilation, where tokens' attributes are distorted to fit preexisting generalizations about their social type.
Abstract: Proportions, that is, relative numbers of socially and culturally different people in a group, are seen as critical in shaping interaction dinamics, and four group types are identified in the basis of varying proportional compositions. "Skewed" groups contain a large preponderance of one type (the numerical "dominants") over another (the rare "tokens"). A framework is developed for conceptualizing the processes that occur between dominants and tokens. Three perceptual phenomena are associated with tokens: visibility (tokens capture a disproportionate awareness share), polarization (differences between tokens and dominants are exaggerated), and assimilation (tokens' attributes are distorted to fit preexisting generalizations about their social type). Visibility generates performance pressures; polarization leads dominants to heighten their group boundaries; and assimilation leads to the tokens' role entrapment. Illustrations are drawn from a field study in a large industrial corporation. Concepts are exten...
2,426 citations