Gender differences in the creation of different types of social capital : A multilevel study
TL;DR: Men were shown to be more effective in creating hard social capital, but, unexpectedly, women were not found to be the emotional specialists they often are thought to be.
About: This article is published in Social Networks.The article was published on 2006-01-01. It has received 165 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Social mobility & Social status.
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TL;DR: An analysis of the relationships among perceived stigma, reported disclosure and perceived social support for those living with HIV showed a positive, heterogeneous correlation between disclosure and social support and a negative, homogenous correlation between stigma and disclosure.
Abstract: This study provides an analysis of the relationships among perceived stigma, reported disclosure and perceived social support for those living with HIV. The meta-analytic summary of 21 studies (4,104 participants) showed, as predicted, a positive, heterogeneous correlation between disclosure and social support (ŕ = .159), a negative, heterogeneous correlation between stigma and social support (ŕ = -.344) and a negative, homogenous correlation between stigma and disclosure (ŕ = -.189). The heterogeneity of the first two relationships indicates the presence of moderators, which may include participants' age and publications' year.
454 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Emmerick (2006) argues that different types of people and resources should better meet different types of social support goals....
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TL;DR: Web-based RDS (WebRDS) is found to be highly efficient and effective and methods for testing the validity of assumptions required by RDS estimation are presented.
Abstract: This study tests the feasibility, effectiveness, and efficiency of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) as a Web-based sampling method. Web-based RDS (WebRDS) is found to be highly efficient and effective. The online nature of WebRDS allows referral chains to progress very quickly, such that studies with large samples can be expected to proceed up to 20 times faster than with traditional sampling methods. Additionally, the unhidden nature of the study population allows comparison of RDS estimators to institutional data. Results indicate that RDS estimates are reasonable but not precise. This is likely due to bias associated with the random recruitment assumption and small sample size of the study. Finally, this article presents methods for testing the validity of assumptions required by RDS estimation.
209 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relative importance of three types of capital (human, family and financial) in pursuing entrepreneurship and found that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees.
Abstract: Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development in countries worldwide. Entrepreneurial activity is beneficial for both men and women, including those in developing countries. However, men and women may not engage in entrepreneurship to the same extent because of differential access to (various forms of) capital. This study examines the relative importance of three types of capital – human, family and financial – in pursuing entrepreneurship. Using data collected in Turkey, we find that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees. Contrary to expectations, the impact of human capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur is higher for women than men. Data also revealed that family capital facilitates women's entry into entrepreneurship only when family size is very large (i.e. seven or more). No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Findings sug...
183 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Social capital theorists argue that gender has a major influence on people’s social capital (van Emmerik 2006)....
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TL;DR: This paper analyzed career survival models and interaction effects between gender and different measures of social capital and information openness and found that female actors have a higher risk of career failure than do their male colleagues when affiliated in cohesive networks, but women have better survival chances when embedded in open, diverse structures.
Abstract: That social capital matters is an established fact in the social sciences. Less clear, however, is how different forms of social capital affect gender disadvantages in career advancement. Focusing on a project-based type of labor market, namely the U.S. film industry, this study argues that women suffer a “closure penalty” and face severe career disadvantages when collaborating in cohesive teams. At the same time, gender disadvantages are reduced for women who build social capital in open networks with higher degrees of diversity and information flow. Using large-scale longitudinal data on career profiles of about one million performances by 97,657 film actors in 369,099 film productions between the years 1929 and 2010, I analyze career survival models and interaction effects between gender and different measures of social capital and information openness. Findings reveal that female actors have a higher risk of career failure than do their male colleagues when affiliated in cohesive networks, but women have better survival chances when embedded in open, diverse structures. This study contributes to the understanding of how and what type of social capital can be either a beneficial resource for otherwise disadvantaged groups or a constraining mechanism that intensifies gender differences in career advancement.
160 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Network structures can create social capital in different ways, either through strong, dense, and cohesive ties—network closure (Coleman 1988)—or through “network betweenness” (Freeman 1977), that is, networks in which weakly connected ties act as brokers between different core groups (Burt 2000)....
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TL;DR: Gender differences in the extent to which older adults maintain a related, but distinct, form of social capital-bridging potential, which involves serving as a tie between two unconnected parties and thus boosts independence and control of everyday social life are documents.
Abstract: Objectives. Most studies of older adults’ social networks focus on their access to dense networks that yield access to social support. This paper documents gender differences in the extent to which older adults maintain a related, but distinct, form of social capital—bridging potential, which involves serving as a tie between two unconnected parties and thus boosts independence and control of everyday social life. Methods. I use egocentric social network data from a national sample of 3,005 older adults—collected in 2005–2006 by the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project—to compare older men’s and women’s network bridging potential using multivariate regression analysis. Results. Older women are more likely than older men to have bridging potential in their networks—between both kin and non-kin contacts. These gender differences increase with age. Older women are also more likely to have network members who are not connected to or monopolized by their spouse or partner. Some, but not all, of these gender differences are due to the fact that older women have larger social networks and maintain more ties to people outside of the household.
139 citations
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01 Jan 2002
64 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors take a lifespan perspective on academic career development across several countries, in examining contributions to aspects of academic work in terms of gender, age groups, and years of experience in higher education.
Abstract: This study takes a lifespan perspective on academic career development across several countries, in examining contributions to aspects of academic work in terms of gender, age groups, and years of experience in higher education. The study was based on the recent International Survey of the Academic Profession (Altbach, 1996). Findings suggest common themes regarding attitudes and activities within the gendered context of academic work that vary from one country to another and among working conditions, activities of teaching, research and service, issues of governance and management, and international dimensions of academic work. A general model is then described of activities and attitudes that constitute academic work. These findings are discussed in terms of strategies for career development that optimise the academic in a context.
51 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used multivariate analysis to identify minority groups other than Blacks in the relationship with supervisors, including gender and racial differences, and found that few studies included minority groups.
Abstract: Research on relationships with supervisors has addressed gender and racial differences. However, few studies included minority groups other than Blacks. The present study used multivariate analysis...
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use one academic manager's vision of excellence as an instance of the application of this new curriculum and broaden the focus to consider how this instance takes its place in a more widespread imperative to reshape work practices through the creation of enterprising cultures and enterprising individuals, within universities and outside them.
Abstract: This article posits the view that a new curriculum is being applied to professional identity formation as we enter the new millennium. The changing nature of academics’ life and work is used as a case study in how new knowledge is being applied in ways that represent a radical departure from the sort of knowledge traditionally associated with formal institutions of learning. The authors use one academic manager's vision of excellence as an instance of the application of this new curriculum. They then broaden the focus to consider how this instance takes its place in a more widespread imperative to reshape work practices through the creation of enterprising cultures and enterprising individuals, within universities and outside them. The analysis concludes by returning to consider the tactics being used to re/form the Australian academic as an ‘excellent’ teacher.
47 citations
TL;DR: This article explored the backgrounds and experiences of women board members of publicly-listed companies in Australia to identify the factors they perceive as important to their nomination and selection to boards, and found that successful women have overcome the resistance to including women on boards by not only being well-educated and able to demonstrate a strong track record in their field to be nominated to a board position, but also having valuable business contacts.
Abstract: While women have continued to increase their representation in the paid workforce, their representation in the most senior ranks of management in Australia remains very low. In this paper, the backgrounds and experiences of women board members of publicly‐listed companies in Australia are explored to identify the factors they perceive as important to their nomination and selection to boards. It seems that these “successful” women have overcome the resistance to including women on boards by not only being well‐educated and able to demonstrate a strong track record in their field to be nominated to a board position, but also having valuable business contacts. For women seeking to access this most privileged level of management, the importance of networks should not be overlooked.
46 citations