Gender differences in the creation of different types of social capital : A multilevel study
TL;DR: Men were shown to be more effective in creating hard social capital, but, unexpectedly, women were not found to be the emotional specialists they often are thought to be.
About: This article is published in Social Networks.The article was published on 2006-01-01. It has received 165 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Social mobility & Social status.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: An analysis of the relationships among perceived stigma, reported disclosure and perceived social support for those living with HIV showed a positive, heterogeneous correlation between disclosure and social support and a negative, homogenous correlation between stigma and disclosure.
Abstract: This study provides an analysis of the relationships among perceived stigma, reported disclosure and perceived social support for those living with HIV. The meta-analytic summary of 21 studies (4,104 participants) showed, as predicted, a positive, heterogeneous correlation between disclosure and social support (ŕ = .159), a negative, heterogeneous correlation between stigma and social support (ŕ = -.344) and a negative, homogenous correlation between stigma and disclosure (ŕ = -.189). The heterogeneity of the first two relationships indicates the presence of moderators, which may include participants' age and publications' year.
454 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Emmerick (2006) argues that different types of people and resources should better meet different types of social support goals....
[...]
TL;DR: Web-based RDS (WebRDS) is found to be highly efficient and effective and methods for testing the validity of assumptions required by RDS estimation are presented.
Abstract: This study tests the feasibility, effectiveness, and efficiency of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) as a Web-based sampling method. Web-based RDS (WebRDS) is found to be highly efficient and effective. The online nature of WebRDS allows referral chains to progress very quickly, such that studies with large samples can be expected to proceed up to 20 times faster than with traditional sampling methods. Additionally, the unhidden nature of the study population allows comparison of RDS estimators to institutional data. Results indicate that RDS estimates are reasonable but not precise. This is likely due to bias associated with the random recruitment assumption and small sample size of the study. Finally, this article presents methods for testing the validity of assumptions required by RDS estimation.
209 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relative importance of three types of capital (human, family and financial) in pursuing entrepreneurship and found that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees.
Abstract: Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development in countries worldwide. Entrepreneurial activity is beneficial for both men and women, including those in developing countries. However, men and women may not engage in entrepreneurship to the same extent because of differential access to (various forms of) capital. This study examines the relative importance of three types of capital – human, family and financial – in pursuing entrepreneurship. Using data collected in Turkey, we find that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees. Contrary to expectations, the impact of human capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur is higher for women than men. Data also revealed that family capital facilitates women's entry into entrepreneurship only when family size is very large (i.e. seven or more). No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Findings sug...
183 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Social capital theorists argue that gender has a major influence on people’s social capital (van Emmerik 2006)....
[...]
TL;DR: This paper analyzed career survival models and interaction effects between gender and different measures of social capital and information openness and found that female actors have a higher risk of career failure than do their male colleagues when affiliated in cohesive networks, but women have better survival chances when embedded in open, diverse structures.
Abstract: That social capital matters is an established fact in the social sciences. Less clear, however, is how different forms of social capital affect gender disadvantages in career advancement. Focusing on a project-based type of labor market, namely the U.S. film industry, this study argues that women suffer a “closure penalty” and face severe career disadvantages when collaborating in cohesive teams. At the same time, gender disadvantages are reduced for women who build social capital in open networks with higher degrees of diversity and information flow. Using large-scale longitudinal data on career profiles of about one million performances by 97,657 film actors in 369,099 film productions between the years 1929 and 2010, I analyze career survival models and interaction effects between gender and different measures of social capital and information openness. Findings reveal that female actors have a higher risk of career failure than do their male colleagues when affiliated in cohesive networks, but women have better survival chances when embedded in open, diverse structures. This study contributes to the understanding of how and what type of social capital can be either a beneficial resource for otherwise disadvantaged groups or a constraining mechanism that intensifies gender differences in career advancement.
160 citations
Cites background from "Gender differences in the creation ..."
...Network structures can create social capital in different ways, either through strong, dense, and cohesive ties—network closure (Coleman 1988)—or through “network betweenness” (Freeman 1977), that is, networks in which weakly connected ties act as brokers between different core groups (Burt 2000)....
[...]
TL;DR: Gender differences in the extent to which older adults maintain a related, but distinct, form of social capital-bridging potential, which involves serving as a tie between two unconnected parties and thus boosts independence and control of everyday social life are documents.
Abstract: Objectives. Most studies of older adults’ social networks focus on their access to dense networks that yield access to social support. This paper documents gender differences in the extent to which older adults maintain a related, but distinct, form of social capital—bridging potential, which involves serving as a tie between two unconnected parties and thus boosts independence and control of everyday social life. Methods. I use egocentric social network data from a national sample of 3,005 older adults—collected in 2005–2006 by the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project—to compare older men’s and women’s network bridging potential using multivariate regression analysis. Results. Older women are more likely than older men to have bridging potential in their networks—between both kin and non-kin contacts. These gender differences increase with age. Older women are also more likely to have network members who are not connected to or monopolized by their spouse or partner. Some, but not all, of these gender differences are due to the fact that older women have larger social networks and maintain more ties to people outside of the household.
139 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the organizational context in which interaction networks are embedded produces unique constraints on women and racial minorities, causing their networks to differ from those of their white male counterparts in composition and characteristics of their relationships with network members.
Abstract: Despite voluminous research indicating that women and minorities have limited access to or are excluded from organizational networks, two central questions remain unanswered: (a) In what specific ways, if any, do the interaction networks of men and women and whites and racial minorities differ? and (b) What mechanisms produce those differences? The central thesis of the article is that the organizational context in which interaction networks are embedded produces unique constraints on women and racial minorities, causing their networks to differ from those of their white male counterparts in composition and characteristics of their relationships with network members. Organizational context is hypothesized to affect personal networks directly, as well as through its impact on individuals' strategies for managing constraints. A theoretical perspective that views women and minorities as active agents who make strategic choices among structurally limited alternatives is offered.
1,539 citations
1,301 citations
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: A discussion of definitions of social capital, then turning to issues in measurement, and finally, presents some evidence on the consequences of Social capital is presented in this article, where the authors focus on the external returns, the public returns to social capital.
Abstract: This paper starts with a discussion of definitions of social capital, then turns to issues in measurement, and finally, presents some evidence on the consequences of social capital. In the last five years, I have been working exclusively on some specific and perhaps unique problems about social capital in the United States, so all of my examples are going to be drawn from the United States experience. I don’t want to be interpreted as saying these trends are common to all OECD countries. It is just that the United States has been the main focus of my research for the past five years. There are, among those of us who work in the area, some marginal differences in terms of exactly how we would define social capital, but Michael Woolcock correctly says in his paper that among the people who are working in this field, there has been a visible convergence, definitionally, toward something like the definition he offers. The central idea of social capital, in my view, is that networks and the associated norms of reciprocity have value. They have value for the people who are in them, and they have, at least in some instances, demonstrable externalities, so that there are both public and private faces of social capital. I am focussing largely on the external returns, the public returns to social capital, but I think that is not at all inconsistent with the idea that there are also private returns. The same is no doubt true in the area of human capital, i.e. there are simultaneously public and private returns. In the great debate of the two Cambridges about "capital", the focus of much of the discussion was on whether physical capital was homogeneous enough to be susceptible to aggregate measurement. There is room for similar debates about human and social capital. Obviously there are many different forms of physical capital. For instance, both an egg-beater and an aircraft carrier enter into the American national accounts as little bits of physical capital, and yet they are not interchangeable. Try fixing your morning omelette with an aircraft carrier, or try attacking the Serbs with an eggbeater. The same thing is true about social capital. Social capital is certainly far from homogeneous.
1,275 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The authors explores the ways that careers have changed for workers as their firms reorganize to meet global competition, including contributions from leading scholars at Harvard Business School, Yale, and MIT's Sloan School of Management.
Abstract: Including contributions from leading scholars at Harvard Business School, Yale, and MIT's Sloan School of Management, this book explores the ways that careers have changed for workers as their firms reorganize to meet global competition. As firms re-engineer, downsize, enter into strategic alliances with other firms, and find other ways to reduce costs, they frequently lay off workers. Job security has been replaced by insecurity and workers have been forced to take charge of their own career development in ways they have never done before. The contributors to the book analyse the implications for these workers, who now have "boundaryless careers". While many find the challenge rewarding as they find new opportunities for growth, others are finding it difficult to adapt to new jobs in new locations. The book looks at policy issues that can provide safety nets for those who are not able to find a place in the new world of boundaryless careers.
1,226 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated the informal networks of white and minority managers and found that minority managers had more racially heterogeneous and fewer intimate network relationships than white managers, and that within the minority group,...
Abstract: This study investigated the informal networks of white and minority managers. Minority managers had more racially heterogeneous and fewer intimate network relationships. Within the minority group, ...
1,062 citations